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Dr Andrew Ketsdever
MAE 5595
Lesson 15
Liquid Rocket Engines
• Advantages
– High Isp
– Start / Stop / Restart
– Ability to throttle
• Disadvantages
– Complex
• Turbopumps or gas
pressurization systems
– Lower thrust than solid systems
– Lower density storage than solids
– Toxic or cryogenic fuels and
oxidizers
Solid Rocket Motors
• A solid rocket motor is a
system that uses solid
propellants to produce thrust
• Advantages
– High thrust
– Simple
– Storability
– High density Isp
• Disadvantages
– Low Isp (compared to liquids)
– Complex throttling
– Difficult to stop and restart
– Safety
Hybrid Rocket Motors
ADVANTAGES
• SAFETY: Literally no possibility of explosion
• Controllable
– Throttle
– Stop / Re-start
• Safe exhaust products
• Higher Isp than solids
• Higher density Isp than liquids
• Lower complexity than liquids
• Lower inert mass fraction than liquids
DISADVANTAGES
• More complex than solids
• Lower Isp than liquids
• Lower density Isp than solids
• Lower combustion efficiency than either liquids or solids
• O/F variability
• Poor propellant utilization
• Higher inert mass fraction than solids
Nuclear Propulsion
• ADVANTAGES
– High Isp (2-10x that of chemical
systems)
– Low Specific Mass (kg/kW)
– High Power Allows High Thrust
– High F/W
– Use of Any Propellant
– Safety
– Reduced Radiation for Some
Missions
Saturn V Launch Vehicles
Saturn V
• Three-stage lunar landing booster.
• LEO Payload: 118,000 kg. to: 185 km Orbit. at: 28.0
degrees. Payload: 47,000 kg. to a: Translunar
trajectory. Liftoff Thrust: 3,440,310 kgf. Liftoff Thrust:
33,737.90 kN. Total Mass: 3,038,500 kg. Core
Diameter: 10.06 m. Total Length: 102.00 m.
• Stage Number: 1. 1 x Saturn IC Gross Mass:
2,286,217 kg. Empty Mass: 135,218 kg. Thrust (vac):
3,946,624 kgf. Isp: 304 sec. Burn time: 161 sec.
Isp(sl): 265 sec. Diameter: 10.06 m. Span: 19.00 m.
Length: 42.06 m. Propellants: Lox/Kerosene No
Engines: 5. F-1 Status: Out of Production.
• Stage Number: 2. 1 x Saturn II Gross Mass: 490,778
kg. Empty Mass: 39,048 kg. Thrust (vac): 526,764 kgf.
Isp: 421 sec. Burn time: 390 sec. Isp(sl): 200 sec.
Diameter: 10.06 m. Span: 10.06 m. Length: 24.84 m.
Propellants: Lox/LH2 No Engines: 5. J-2 Status: Out
of Production.
• Stage Number: 3. 1 x Saturn IVB (S-V) Gross Mass:
119,900 kg. Empty Mass: 13,300 kg. Thrust (vac):
105,200 kgf. Isp: 421 sec. Burn time: 475 sec. Isp(sl):
200 sec. Diameter: 6.61 m. Span: 6.61 m. Length:
17.80 m. Propellants: Lox/LH2 No Engines: 1. J-2
Status: Out of Production. Comments: Saturn V
version of S-IVB stage.
• USA
Titan IV
• Launches: 22. Failures: 2. Success Rate: 90.91% pct. First Launch Date: 14 June
1989. Last Launch Date: 12 August 1998. Launch data is: continuing. LEO
Payload: 17,700 kg. to: 185 km Orbit. Payload: 6,350 kg. to a: Geosynchronous
transfer trajectory. Liftoff Thrust: 1,307,380 kgf. Liftoff Thrust: 12,821.00 kN. Total
Mass: 886,420 kg. Core Diameter: 4.33 m. Total Length: 51.00 m. Launch Price
$: 400.00 million. in 1997 price dollars.
• Stage Number: 0. 2 x Titan UA1207 Gross Mass: 319,330 kg. Empty Mass:
51,230 kg. Thrust (vac): 725,732 kgf. Isp: 272 sec. Burn time: 120 sec. Isp(sl):
245 sec. Diameter: 3.05 m. Span: 3.05 m. Length: 34.14 m. Propellants: Solid No
Engines: 1. UA1207 Status: In Production.
• Stage Number: 1. 1 x Titan 4-1 Gross Mass: 163,000 kg. Empty Mass: 8,000 kg.
Thrust (vac): 247,619 kgf. Isp: 302 sec. Burn time: 164 sec. Isp(sl): 250 sec.
Diameter: 3.05 m. Span: 3.05 m. Length: 26.37 m. Propellants: N2O4/Aerozine-
50 No Engines: 2. LR-87-11 Status: In Production.
• Stage Number: 2. 1 x Titan 4-2 Gross Mass: 39,500 kg. Empty Mass: 4,500 kg.
Thrust (vac): 46,857 kgf. Isp: 316 sec. Burn time: 223 sec. Isp(sl): 160 sec.
Diameter: 3.05 m. Span: 3.05 m. Length: 9.94 m. Propellants: N2O4/Aerozine-50
No Engines: 1. LR-91-11 Status: In Production.
• Stage Number: 3. 1 x Centaur G Gross Mass: 23,880 kg. Empty Mass: 2,775 kg.
Thrust (vac): 14,970 kgf. Isp: 444 sec. Burn time: 625 sec. Diameter: 4.33 m.
Span: 4.33 m. Length: 9.00 m. Propellants: Lox/LH2 No Engines: 2. RL-10A-3A
Status: In Production. Comments: Centaur for Titan 4.
• Stage Number: 3. 1 x IUS-1 Gross Mass: 10,841 kg. Empty Mass: 1,134 kg.
Thrust (vac): 18,508 kgf. Isp: 296 sec. Burn time: 152 sec. Isp(sl): 220 sec.
Diameter: 2.34 m. Span: 2.34 m. Length: 3.52 m. Propellants: Solid No Engines:
1. SRM-1 Other designations: Orbus 21D. Status: In Production.
• Stage Number: 4. 1 x IUS-2 Gross Mass: 3,919 kg. Empty Mass: 1,170 kg. Thrust
(vac): 7,996 kgf. Isp: 304 sec. Burn time: 103 sec. Isp(sl): 200 sec. Diameter:
1.61 m. Span: 1.61 m. Length: 2.08 m. Propellants: Solid No Engines: 1. SRM-2
Other designations: TOS. Status: In Production.
Space Shuttle
• Launches: 117. Failures: 1. Success Rate: 99.15% pct. First
Launch Date: 12 April 1981. Last Launch Date: 26 July 2005.
Launch data is: continuing. LEO Payload: 24,400 kg. to: 204 km
Orbit. at: 28.5 degrees. Payload: 12,500 kg. to a: space station
orbit, 407 km, 51.6 deg inclination trajectory. Apogee: 600 km.
Liftoff Thrust: 2,625,932 kgf. Liftoff Thrust: 25,751.60 kN. Total
Mass: 2,029,633 kg. Core Diameter: 8.70 m. Total Length: 56.00
m.
• Stage Number: 0. 2 x Shuttle SRB Gross Mass: 589,670 kg.
Empty Mass: 86,183 kg. Thrust (vac): 1,174,713 kgf. Isp: 269
sec. Burn time: 124 sec. Isp(sl): 237 sec. Diameter: 3.71 m.
Span: 5.10 m. Length: 38.47 m. Propellants: Solid No Engines:
1. SRB Other designations: Solid Rocket Booster. Status: In
Production.
• Stage Number: 1. 1 x Shuttle Tank Gross Mass: 750,975 kg.
Empty Mass: 29,930 kg. Thrust (vac): 0.000 kgf. Isp: 455 sec.
Burn time: 480 sec. Isp(sl): 363 sec. Diameter: 8.70 m. Span:
8.70 m. Length: 46.88 m. Propellants: Lox/LH2 No Engines: 0.
None Other designations: External Tank. Status: Out of
production.
• Stage Number: 2. 1 x Shuttle Orbiter Gross Mass: 99,318 kg.
Empty Mass: 99,117 kg. Thrust (vac): 696,905 kgf. Isp: 455 sec.
Burn time: 480 sec. Isp(sl): 363 sec. Diameter: 4.90 m. Span:
23.79 m. Length: 37.24 m. Propellants: Lox/LH2 No Engines: 3.
SSME Other designations: Shuttle; STS (Space Transportation
System). Status: In Production.
• USA
Proton Family of Launch Vehicles
Proton 8K82M
• Manufacturer: Chelomei. Launches: 10. Success Rate: 100.00% pct. First
Launch Date: 7 April 2001. Last Launch Date: 29 December 2005. Launch
data is: continuing. LEO Payload: 21,000 kg. Payload: 4,500 kg. to a:
geosynchronous transfer orbit trajectory. Apogee: 40,000 km. Total Mass:
712,800 kg. Core Diameter: 7.40 m. Total Length: 53.00 m.
• 4 out of 10 launches for US companies (DirecTV)
• Stage Number: 1. 1 x Proton K-1 Gross Mass: 450,510 kg. Empty Mass:
31,100 kg. Thrust (vac): 1,067,659 kgf. Isp: 316 sec. Burn time: 124 sec.
Isp(sl): 267 sec. Diameter: 4.15 m. Span: 7.40 m. Length: 21.20 m.
Propellants: N2O4/UDMH No Engines: 6. RD-253-11D48 Other designations:
8S810K. Status: In Production.
• Stage Number: 2. 1 x Proton K-2 Gross Mass: 167,828 kg. Empty Mass:
11,715 kg. Thrust (vac): 244,652 kgf. Isp: 327 sec. Burn time: 206 sec. Isp(sl):
230 sec. Diameter: 4.15 m. Span: 4.15 m. Length: 14.00 m. Propellants:
N2O4/UDMH No Engines: 4. RD-0210 Other designations: 8S811K. Status: In
Production.
• Stage Number: 3. 1 x Proton K-3 Gross Mass: 50,747 kg. Empty Mass: 4,185
kg. Thrust (vac): 64,260 kgf. Isp: 325 sec. Burn time: 238 sec. Isp(sl): 230
sec. Diameter: 4.15 m. Span: 4.15 m. Length: 6.50 m. Propellants:
N2O4/UDMH No Engines: 1. RD-0212 Status: In Production.
• Stage Number: 4. 1 x Proton 17S40 Gross Mass: 14,600 kg. Empty Mass:
3,300 kg. Thrust (vac): 8,670 kgf. Isp: 352 sec. Burn time: 450 sec. Diameter:
3.70 m. Span: 3.70 m. Length: 7.10 m. Propellants: Lox/Kerosene No
Engines: 1. RD-58M Other designations: Block DM; D-1-e. Status: In
Production.
• RUSSIA
Zenit-3 Sea Launch
• Payload: 3,750 kg. to a: Geosynchronous orbit trajectory.
Liftoff Thrust: 740,000 kgf. Liftoff Thrust: 7,300.00 kN.
Total Mass: 471,000 kg. Core Diameter: 3.90 m. Total
Length: 59.60 m.
• Stage Number: 1. 1 x Zenit-1 Gross Mass: 354,300 kg.
Empty Mass: 28,600 kg. Thrust (vac): 834,243 kgf. Isp:
337 sec. Burn time: 150 sec. Isp(sl): 311 sec. Diameter:
3.90 m. Span: 3.90 m. Length: 32.90 m. Propellants:
Lox/Kerosene No Engines: 1. RD-171 Status: In
Production. Comments: Modification of same stage used
as strap-on for Energia launch vehicle.
• Stage Number: 2. 1 x Zenit-2 Gross Mass: 90,600 kg.
Empty Mass: 9,000 kg. Thrust (vac): 93,000 kgf. Isp: 349
sec. Burn time: 315 sec. Isp(sl): 0.000 sec. Diameter:
3.90 m. Span: 3.90 m. Length: 11.50 m. Propellants:
Lox/Kerosene No Engines: 1. RD-120 Status: In
Production.
• Stage Number: 3. 1 x Zenit-3 Gross Mass: 17,300 kg.
Empty Mass: 2,720 kg. Thrust (vac): 8,660 kgf. Isp: 352
sec. Burn time: 650 sec. Diameter: 3.70 m. Span: 3.70
m. Length: 5.60 m. Propellants: Lox/Kerosene No
Engines: 1. RD-58M Status: In Production. Comments:
Adaptation of Block D for Zenit.
• ENERGIA, UKRAINE
Air Force’s Evolved Expendable
Launch Vehicle (EELV) Program
• EELV is a space launch system development program
to replace the current fleet of medium- to heavy-lift
expendable vehicles (Titan II, Delta II, Atlas II, and Titan
IV) with a more affordable family of vehicles.
• The new space launch vehicles must be able to meet the
Government’s combined spacelift needs (DoD,
intelligence, and other missions) through at least 2020.
• The primary EELV configurations are the Medium-Lift
Variant (MLV), required by FY 2002 to support satellite
block changes and transitions, and the Heavy-Lift Variant
(HLV), required by FY 2005 to assure continued access
to space following Titan IV phaseout.
Atlas Family of Launch Vehicles
Atlas V
• Launches: 6. Success Rate: 100.00% pct. First Launch Date: 21 August 2002.
Last Launch Date: 12 August 2005. LEO Payload: 12,500 kg. to: 185 km
Orbit. at: 28.5 degrees. Payload: 5,000 kg. to a: Geosynchronous transfer
trajectory. Liftoff Thrust: 875,900 kgf. Liftoff Thrust: 8,590.00 kN. Total Mass:
546,700 kg. Core Diameter: 3.81 m. Total Length: 58.30 m. Span: 5.40 m.
Launch Price $: 138.00 million. in 2004 price dollars.
• Stage Number: 0. 5 x Atlas V SRB Gross Mass: 40,824 kg. Empty Mass:
4,000 kg. Thrust (vac): 130,000 kgf. Isp: 275 sec. Burn time: 94 sec. Isp(sl):
245 sec. Diameter: 1.55 m. Span: 1.00 m. Length: 17.70 m. Propellants: Solid
No Engines: 1. Aerojet SRB Status: In production. Comments: New SRB
boosters in development for Atlas V. Empty mass, vacuum thrust, sea level
Isp estimated.
• Stage Number: 1. 1 x Atlas CCB Gross Mass: 306,914 kg. Empty Mass:
22,461 kg. Thrust (vac): 423,386 kgf. Isp: 338 sec. Burn time: 253 sec. Isp(sl):
311 sec. Diameter: 3.81 m. Span: 3.81 m. Length: 32.46 m. Propellants:
Lox/Kerosene No Engines: 1. RD-180 Status: In production. Comments:
Common Core Booster uses Glushko RD-180 engine and new isogrid tanks.
Used in Atlas IV/USAF EELV, Atlas V. Includes 272 kg booster interstage
adapter and 1297 kg Centaur interstage adapter.
• Stage Number: 2. 1 x Centaur V1 Gross Mass: 22,825 kg. Empty Mass: 2,026
kg. Thrust (vac): 10,115 kgf. Isp: 451 sec. Burn time: 894 sec. Diameter: 3.05
m. Span: 3.05 m. Length: 12.68 m. Propellants: Lox/LH2 No Engines: 1. RL-
10A-4-2 Status: In production. Centaur is powered by either one or two Pratt
& Whitney RL10A-4-2 turbopump-fed engines burning liquid oxygen and liquid
hydrogen. For typical, high-energy mission applications, Centaur will be
configured with one RL10 engine. For heavy payload, low earth orbit
missions, Centaur will use two RL10 engines to maximize boost phase
mission performance. Guidance, tank pressurization, and propellant usage
controls for both Atlas and Centaur phases are provided by the inertial
navigation unit (INU) located on the Centaur forward equipment module.