Waveform Shaping Circuit

• RC Circuit
• Differentiating ckt (high pass ckt)
– i/p – pulse, o/p – spikes (+ve and –ve)
– High ferq. Components at the o/p (XC α 1/F)
– Vo = RC dv/dt
• Integrating ckt (low pass ckt)
– i/p – pulse, o/p – triangle
– Vo = V {1- (e-t/RC)}

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 Multivibrators
• Two stage switching circuits

• o/p of 1st stage is fed to i/p of 2nd stage.

• o/p of two stages are complementary

• Types
– Astable multivibrator
– Monostable multivibrator
– Bistable multivibrator

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 Astable Multivibrator
• Astable – free running multivibrator
• Generates Sq. wave without Ext.pulse
• No stable states
• Two quasi stable states
• Applications
– V –F converter
– Harmonic Freq- higher order-filter design is simple
– Construction of digital Voltmeter and SMPS
– Oscillator –wide range of AF and RF

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 Astable Multivibrator
• Ckt imbalance
• At t=0, Q1- on, Q2 – off, VC1 = VCE(sat) VC2 = VCC VB1= VBE(sat),
VB2 exponentially increases
• At t=t1, Q1- off, Q2 – on, VC1 = VCC VC2 = VCE(sat)
VB2 = VBE(sat) VB1 exponentially increases
• Regenerative
• T1 = R1 C1 ln 2 = 0.693 R1 C1
• T2 = R2 C2 ln 2 = 0.693 R2 C2
• T = T1+T2 = 0.693 (R1 C1 + R2 C2 )
• T= 1.386RC (Since R1 = R2 = R and C1 = C2 = C)
• F = 1/T = 1/1.386 RC
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 Monostable multivibrator
• One stable state
• One quasi stable state
• One-shot multivibrator or univibrator
• Does not generate Sq. wave
• Generates rect. Wave (only ext. pulse)
• Application
– Adj. Pulse width generator
– Generate uniform width pulse from a variable width
i/p pulse train
– Clean and sharp pulses from distorted pulses
– Time delay

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 Monostable multivibrator
• Q1 and Q2 – identical, RC1 = RC2
• o/p of Q2 is coupled to the i/p at the base of Q1
through Resitive attenuator
• C1 – small speed up capacitor
• To speed up the transition
• R2 and (–VBB) - Q1 off
• R and +VCC – Q2 on
• Stable State

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 Monostable multivibrator
• +ve trigger pulse of short duration & sufficient
magnitude is applied to Q1 through C2
• Q1 starts conducting, VC1 decreases
• It decreases F.B on Q2, Q2 – off
 Bistable Multivibrator
• Two stable state
• To switch from one state to another state (Trigger
pulse)
• Applications
– Memory elements in shifter & counter
– Generate Sq. wave (Sym)
• Width can be altered
– Freq. divider

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 Bistable Multivibrator
• o/p of Q2 is coupled to base of Q1 through R2
• Triggering pulse – transition from one state to
other
• C1 and C2 – to improve switching charc.
– passing high freq.component
– Allows fast rise time and fall time
– Commutating capacitors or
– Transpose capacitors
• Regenerative action - Q1 is on and Q2 is off
• It is a stable state.
• It will remain in this state untill a trigger pulse is
applied.
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 Bistable Multivibrator
• +ve triggering pulse to reset the i/p.
• Q2 is on , Increase IC and decrease VC, Q1 is off
• Second stable state.
• Reverse transition can be obtained – (-ve
pulse)

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 Schmitt Trigger
• Generation of Sq. waveform from a sine i/p.
• Bistable ckt
• Two transistor switches are connected
regeneratively.
• Applications
– Wave shaping circuits
– Generation of Rectangular waveform from sine or any
other waveform
– Voltage comparator
– Digital ckt (free from noise)
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 Schmitt Trigger
• Two identical Transistors Q1 and Q2.
• It is coupled through an RE
• R1 & R2 – Voltage divider across VC1
• Supply is on, no i/p signal, Q2 is on and Q1 is off.
• VC1 = VCC and VC2= VSAT + VRE
• A.C. signal is applied to base of Q1,
• Vi above upper triggering point (UTP)- Q1 is on
and Q2 is off
• Vi below lower triggering point (LTP) – Q1 is off
and Q2 is on

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 Hysteresis of Schmitt Trigger
• VH – Diff b/w UTP and LTP
• VH – Dead zone of Schmitt trigger
• Hysteresis - Lag of lower threshold voltage
from upper threshold voltage

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 Clippers
Used to clip certain portion of the waveform
without distorting the remaining part of the
waveform

TYPES OF CLIPPERS

1.Positive clippers

2. Negative clippers
 Clippers
• Ability to “clip”(cut short/crop) off a portion on the input
signal

• to eliminate amplitude noise

• to fabricate new waveforms from an existing signal

• Simplest form of diode clipper- one resistor and a diode

• Depending on the orientation of the diode, the positive or

negative region of the applied signal is clipped off.
 Clippers
• Types of clippers:

a) Series clippers

b) Shunt or Parallel clippers

 Clippers
• Series Clippers

– The series configuration is defined as one where

the diode is in series with the load.

– A half-wave rectifier is the simplest form of diode

-clipper-one resistor and diode.

• Parallel Clippers

– The parallel configuration has the diode in a

branch parallel to the load.
 Series clipper

• Diodes “clip” a portion of the AC wave.

• The diode “clips” any voltage that does not

put it in forward bias.

• It would be a reverse biasing polarity and a

voltage less than 0.7V for a silicon diode.
Series clipper
 Parallel Clipper

• By taking the output across the diode, the

output is now the voltage when the diode is
not conducting.

• A DC source can also be added to change the

diode’s required forward bias voltage.
Parallel Clipper
 Clampers

• Diode, resistor, and a capacitor

• Shifts a waveform to a different dc level without
changing the appearance of the applied signal.
 Clampers

• A clamper is a network constructed of a diode,

resistor, and a capacitor that shifts a waveform to a
different dc level without changing the appearance
of the applied signal.
• Clamping networks have a capacitor connected
directly from input to output with a resistive element
in parallel with the output signal. The diode is also in
parallel with the output signal but may or may not
have a series dc supply as an added element.
Clampers
Element of the clamper circuit
• Magnitude of R and C must be appropriate to
ensure г=RC where the time constant is large
enough and capacitor may not discharge
during the time interval while diode is not
conducting.
• We will assume that all practical purposes the
diode will fully charge or discharge in 5 time
constant.
A diode in conjunction
with a capacitor can be
used to “clamp” an AC
signal to a specific DC
level.
• The input signal can be any type of waveform:
– - sine, square, triangle wave, etc.
• You can adjust the DC camping level with a DC
source.