POLYMERS

Material Science and Engineering

 WELCOME!

This is our presentation :

By Group 3
Arvin M. Yafiz
Monica Yulfarida
Siti Hajar
Zinedin Abdi Zidan

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 POINT OF VIEW

1
3
Definition 2 5
of Polymer Polyethylene 4
Q&A
Kind of
Polymers Other kinds
of polymer

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DEFINITION
Of Polymers
 DEFINITION
Of Polymer

Polymer is a large molecule, or

macromolecule, composed of many
repeated subunits. Because of their
broad range of properties, both
synthetic and natural polymers play
essential and ubiquitous roles in
everyday life. Polymers range from
familiar synthetic plastics such as
polystyrene to natural biopolymers
such as DNA and proteins that are
fundamental to biological structure
and function.
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 DEFINITION
Of Polymer

Polymers, both natural and synthetic,

are created via polymerization of
many small molecules, known as
monomers. Their consequently large
molecular mass relative to small
molecule compounds produces
unique physical properties, including
toughness, viscoelasticity, and a
tendency to form glasses and
semicrystalline structures rather than
crystals.

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KIND
OF POLYMERS
 1 Polyethylene

2 Polypropylene

KIND OF 3 Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)
POYMERS
4 Polyvinyl Chloride

5 Acrylic
POLYETHYLENE
DEFINITION
Of Polyethylene

Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer

with variable crystalline structure and
an extremely large range of
applications depending on the particular
type. It is one of the most widely
produced plastics in the world (tens of
millions of tons are produced worldwide
each year). The commercial process
(the Ziegler-Natta catalysts) that made
PE such a success was developed in
the 1950s by German and Italian
scientists Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta.
DEFINITION
Of Polyethylene

There are a vast array of applications for

polyethylene in which certain types are more or
less well suited. Generally speaking, High Density
Polyethylene (HDPE) is much more crystalline, has
a much higher density, and is often used in
completely different circumstances than Low
Density Polyethylene (LDPE). For example, LDPE
is widely used in plastic packaging such as for
grocery bags or plastic wrap. HDPE by contrast
has common applications in construction (for
example in its use as a drain pipe). Ultrahigh
Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMW) has high
performance applications in things such as medical
devices and bulletproof vests.
DIFFERENT TYPES
Of Polyethylene

Polyethylene is commonly categorized into

one of several major compounds of which
the most common include LDPE, LLDPE,
HDPE, and Ultrahigh Molecular Weight
Polypropylene. Other variants include
Medium Density Polyethylene (MDPE),
Ultra-low-molecular-weight polyethylene
(ULMWPE or PE-WAX), High-molecular-
weight polyethylene (HMWPE), High-density
cross-linked polyethylene (HDXLPE), Cross-
linked polyethylene (PEX or XLPE), Very-
low-density polyethylene (VLDPE), and
Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE).
 DIFFERENT TYPES
Of Polyethylene

Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)

LDPE is a very flexible material with very unique Linear Low Density Polyethylene
flow properties that makes it particularly suitable (LLDPE)
to plastic film applications like shopping bags.
LDPE has high ductility but low tensile strength LLDPE is very similar to LDPE with
which is evident in the real world by its propensity
to stretch when strained.
the added advantage that the
Produced through free-radical polymerization,
properties of LLDPE can be altered
LDPE has the most long- and short-chain by adjusting the formula constituents
branching of any form of PE, resulting in its lower and that the overall production
density. The branching keeps the molecular
process for LLDPE is typically less
chains from packing tightly in its crystaline form,
so LDPE has less tensile strength but greater energy intensive than LDPE.
ductility.
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 DIFFERENT TYPES
Of Polyethylene

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

HDPE is a strong, high density, moderately stiff plastic Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene
with a highly crystalline structure. It is frequently used (UHMW)
as a plastic for milk cartons, laundry detergent,
garbage bins, and cutting boards. UHMW is an extremely dense version of
Piping made from polyethylene is a cost effective polyethylene with molecular weights
solution for a broad range of piping problems in typically an order of magnitude greater
municipal, industrial, marine, mining, landfill, duct and
than HDPE. It can be spun into threads
agricultural applications. It has been tested and
proven effective for above ground, sur face, buried,
with tensile strengths many times greater
sliplined, floating, and sub-sur face marine than steel and is frequently incorporated
applications. High-density polyethylene pipe (HDPE) into high performance equipment like
can carry potable water, wastewater, slurries, bulletproof vests.
chemicals, hazardeous wastes, and compressed
gases.
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CHARRACTERISTIC
Of Polyethylene

PE is classified as a “thermoplastic” (as

opposed to “thermoset”), and the name has to
do with the way the plastic responds to heat.
Thermoplastic materials become liquid at their
melting point (110-130 degrees Celsius in the
case of LDPE and HDPE respectively). A major
useful attribute about thermoplastics is that
they can be heated to their melting point,
cooled, and reheated again without significant
degradation. Instead of burning, thermoplastics
like Polyethylene liquefy, which allows them to
be easily [injection molded] and then
subsequently recycled. By contrast, thermoset
plastics can only be heated once (typically
during the injection molding process).

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CHARRACTERISTIC
Of Polyethylene

The first heating causes thermoset

materials to set (similar to a 2-part
epoxy) resulting in a chemical
change that cannot be reversed. If
you tried to heat a thermoset plastic
to a high temperature a second
time it would simply burn. This
characteristic makes thermoset
materials poor candidates for
recycling

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CHARRACTERISTIC
Of Polyethylene

Different types of Polyethylene exhibit wide

variability in their crystalline structures. The
less crystalline (the more amorphous) a
plastic is, the more it demonstrates a
tendency to gradually soften (i.e. they have
a wider range between their glass transition
temperature and their melting point).
Crystalline plastics, by contrast, exhibit a
rather sharp transition from solid to liquid.

Polyethylene is a homopolymer in that it is

composed of a single monomer constituent
(in this case ethylene: CH2=CH2).

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 WHY ??
is Polyethylene used so often?
Polyethylene is an incredibly useful
commodity plastic. Because of the diversity
of PE variants it is incorporated into a wide
range of applications. Unless it is required
for a specific application, we don’t typically
use Polyethylene as part of the design
process at Creative Mechanisms. For some
projects, a part that will eventually be mass
produced in PE can be prototyped with other
more prototype-friendly materials like ABS.
PE is not available as a 3D printable
material. It can be CNC machined or vacuum
formed.

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 HOW ??
is Polyethylene made ?
Polyethylene, like other plastics,
starts with the distillation of
hydrocarbon fuels (ethane in this
case) into lighter groups called
“fractions” some of which are
combined with other catalysts to
produce plastics (typically via
polymerization or
polycondensation). You can read
about the process in more
depth here.
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DID YOU KNOW??
Is PE toxic?
In solid form, no. In fact,
Polyethylene is often used in food
handling. It could be toxic if inhaled
and/or absorbed into the skin or
eyes as a vapor or liquid (i.e. during
manufacturing processes). Be
careful and closely follow handling
instructions for molten polymer in
particular.

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 WHAT ??
The disadvantages of PE ?
Polyethylene is generally more
expensive than polypropylene
(which can be used in similar
part applications). PE is the
second best choice for living
hinges, behind PP at number
one.

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OTHER KIND
Of Polymers
Polypropylene

The isotactic polypropylene from Ziegler-

Natta-catalyzed polymerization is a rigid,
thermally stable polymer with an excellent
resistance to stress, cracking, and chemical
reaction. Although it costs more per pound
than polyethylene, it is much stronger. Thus,
bottles made from poly-propylene can be
thinner, contain less polymer, and cost less
than conventional polyethylene products.
Polypropylene's most important impact on
today's college student takes the form of the
plastic stackable chairs that abound on
college campuses.
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)

Teflon is a remarkable substance. It has the

best resistance to chemical attack of any
polymer, and it can be used at any
temperature between -73 degC and 260
degC with no effect on its properties. It also
has a very low coefficient of friction. (In
simpler crude terms, it has a waxy or
slippery touch.) Even materials as "sticky" as
rubber, adhesives, bread dough, and candy
won't insects that stick to a Teflon-coated
surface. Teflon is so slippery that it has even
been sprayed on plants, so that might prey
on the plants fall off.
Poly(vinyl Chloride)

PVC comes in two basic forms: rigid

(sometimes abbreviated as RPVC) and
flexible. The rigid form of PVC is used in
construction for pipe and in profile
applications such as doors and windows. It is
also used for bottles, other non-food
packaging, and cards (such as bank or
membership cards). It can be made softer and
more flexible by the addition of plasticizers,
the most widely used being phthalates. In this
form, it is also used in plumbing, electrical
cable insulation, imitation leather, signage,
phonograph records,inflatable products, and
many applications where it replaces rubber.
Acrylic

Acrylic is a useful, clear plastic

that resembles glass, but has
properties that make it superior
to glass in many ways. Common
brands of high-grade acrylic
include Polycast, Lucite and
Plexiglass.
Acrylic is used to make various
products, such as shower doors,
bath enclosures, windows and
skylights.
Thank You! 
Any Questions?