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LE 9-2
Light
energy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
CO2 + H2O Organic + O
molecules 2
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria
ATP
Heat
energy
LE 9-UN161a
becomes oxidized
(loses electron)
becomes reduced
(gains electron)
LE 9-UN161
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
LE 9-3
Reactants Products
becomes oxidized
H becomes reduced
H C H O O O C O H O H
H
Methane Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water
(reducing (oxidizing
agent) agent)
LE 9-UN162a
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
LE 9-UN162b
Dehydrogenase
LE 9-4
2 e– + 2 H+
2 e– + H+
NAD+ NADH H+
Dehydrogenase
+ 2[H] + H+
(from food)
Nicotinamide Nicotinamide
(oxidized form) (reduced form)
LE 9-5
H2 + 1/2 O2 2H + 1 /2 O2
(from food via NADH)
Controlled
release of
2 H+ + 2 e–
energy for
synthesis of
ATP
Free energy, G
Free energy, G
ATP
Explosive
release of ATP
heat and light
energy ATP
2 e–
1/2 O2
2 H+
H2O H2O
H2 + 1/2 O2
Free energy, G
Explosive
release of
heat and light
energy
H2O
Uncontrolled reaction
LE 9-5b
2H + 1 /2 O2
(from food via NADH)
Controlled
release of
2 H+ + 2 e–
energy for
synthesis of
ATP
Free energy, G
ATP
ATP
ATP
2 e–
1/2 O2
2 H+
H2O
Cellular respiration
LE 9-UN164
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
Cytosol Mitochondrion
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
LE 9-6_2
Glycolysis Citric
acid
Glucose Pyruvate cycle
Cytosol Mitochondrion
ATP ATP
Substrate-level Substrate-level
phosphorylation phosphorylation
LE 9-6_3
Oxidative
Glycolysis Citric phosphorylation:
acid electron transport
Glucose Pyruvate cycle and
chemiosmosis
Cytosol Mitochondrion
Enzyme
Enzyme
ADP
P
Substrate + ATP
Product
LE 9-8
Glucose
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
ATP
Hexokinase
ADP
Glucose-6-phosphate
LE 9-9a_2
Glycolysis Citric
Oxidation
acid
cycle phosphorylation
ATP
Hexokinase
ADP
Glucose-6-phosphate
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Fructose-6-phosphate
ATP
Phosphofructokinase
ADP
Fructose-
1, 6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
Isomerase
Dihydroxyacetone Glyceraldehyde-
phosphate 3-phosphate
LE 9-9b_1
2 NAD+
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP
Phosphoglycerokinase
2 ATP
3-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglyceromutase
2-Phosphoglycerate
LE 9-9b_2
2 NAD+
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP
Phosphoglycerokinase
2 ATP
3-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglyceromutase
2-Phosphoglycerate
Enolase
2 H2O
Phosphoenolpyruvate
2 ADP
Pyruvate kinase
2 ATP
Pyruvate
LE 9-10
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
NAD+ NADH + H+
Acetyl Co A
Pyruvate CO2 Coenzyme A
Transport protein
LE 9-11
Pyruvate
(from glycolysis,
2 molecules per glucose) Citric
Glycolysis
CO2 acid
Oxidation
phosphorylation
NAD+ cycle
CoA
NADH
ATP ATP ATP
+ H+ Acetyl CoA
CoA
CoA
Citric
acid 2 CO2
cycle
FADH2 3 NAD+
FAD 3 NADH
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i
ATP
LE 9-12_1
Acetyl CoA
H2O
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
Citric
acid
cycle
LE 9-12_2
Acetyl CoA
H2O
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
CO2
Citric
acid
cycle NAD+
NADH
+ H+
a-Ketoglutarate
CO2
NAD+
NADH
Succinyl + H+
CoA
LE 9-12_3
Acetyl CoA
H2O
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
CO2
Citric
acid
cycle NAD+
NADH
Fumarate + H+
a-Ketoglutarate
FADH2
CO2
NAD+
FAD
Succinate Pi NADH
GTP GDP Succinyl + H+
CoA
ADP
ATP
LE 9-12_4
Acetyl CoA
NADH
+ H+ H2O
NAD+
Oxaloacetate
Malate Citrate
Isocitrate
CO2
Citric
acid
cycle NAD+
H2O
NADH
Fumarate + H+
a-Ketoglutarate
FADH2
CO2
NAD+
FAD
Succinate Pi NADH
GTP GDP Succinyl + H+
CoA
ADP
ATP
LE 9-13
NADH
50
FADH2
Multiprotein
I FAD complexes
40 FMN
Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol)
Fe•S Fe•S II
Q
III
Cyt b Oxidative
Glycolysis Citric phosphorylation:
Fe•S acid electron transport
30 cycle
and chemiosmosis
Cyt c1 IV
Cyt c
ATP ATP ATP
Cyt a
Cyt a3
20
10
0 2 H+ + 1/2 O2
H2O
LE 9-14
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
H+ A rotor within the
membrane spins
H+ H+
as shown when
H+ flows past
H+
H+ it down the H+
gradient.
H+
H+
A stator anchored
in the membrane
holds the knob
stationary.
Three catalytic
sites in the
ADP stationary knob
+ join inorganic
ATP phosphate to
P
i ADP to make
ATP.
MITOCHONDRAL MATRIX
LE 9-15
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
Oxidative
Glycolysis Citric
acid phosphorylation:
cycle electron transport
and chemiosmosis
H+
H+
Protein complex Cyt c
Intermembrane of electron
space carriers
Q IV
I III
ATP
II synthase
Inner 2H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O
mitochondrial FADH2
FAD
membrane
NADH + H+ NAD+
ADP + P i ATP
(carrying electrons
from food)
H+
Oxidative phosphorylation
LE 9-16
Glycolysis Oxidative
2 2 Citric phosphorylation:
Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl acid electron transport
CoA cycle and
chemiosmosis
About
Maximum per glucose: 36 or 38 ATP
LE 9-17a
2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP
Glucose Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
2 Ethanol 2 Acetaldehyde
Alcohol fermentation
LE 9-17b
2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP
Glucose Glycolysis
2 Lactate
CYTOSOL
Pyruvate
No O2 present O2 present
Fermentation Cellular respiration
MITOCHONDRION
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3- P
NH3 Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
LE 9-20
Glucose
AMP
Glycolysis
Fructose-6-phosphate Stimulates
+
Phosphofructokinase
–
–
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Inhibits Inhibits
Pyruvate
ATP Citrate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation