A.

Skeletal system

made of bones and cartilage

almost completely calcified.

The vertebral column, cranium, jaw, ribs, and intramuscular bones

make up the bony fish skeleton
B. Muscular system

Tail and trunk muscles

consist of myotomes which is separated by myosepta.

Muscle blocks called myotomes are separated by connective

tissue called myosepta
Jaw muscles

consist of adductor and abductor muscles.

Fin muscles

consist of abductor, adductor and erector

muscles.
C. Nervous system

poorly developed compared to that of higher

vertebrates.

spinal cord and a matrix of nerves serve the rest of the

body.

divided into three sections: the forebrain, the midbrain,

and the hindbrain.
 Forebrain-responsible for sense of smell
 midbrain is responsible for vision, learning, and
motor responses.
 hindbrain contains the medulla oblongata and
cerebellum, which coordinates movement, muscle
tone, and balance.
D. Cardiovascular system

Heart is made of two true chambers (atrium

and ventricle).

It has four sections:

1. Sinus venosus
2. Atrium
3. Ventricle
4. Bulbus arteriosus

spleen, kidney, and bones are sites of red blood cell production
Blood

Consists of plasma and blood cells

a. Plasma- clear liquid that contains plasma proteins

b. Blood cells
b.1. RBC-nucleated (erythrocyte)
-contains pigment hemoglobin
-20,000-3,000,000/mm3 of blood
b.2. WBC-leucocytes
-20,000-150,000/mm3 of blood
-contains granulocytes (acidophils,
basophil, neutrophil, heterophil)
-contains lymphocytes, monocytes and
thrombocytes
E. Digestive system

1. Mouth- start of digestion

2. Esophagus- expandable tube
3. Stomach-acid phase of digestion
4. Pyloric caeca-secretes lipase
5. Pancrease-secretes insulin, trypsin and
carboxypeptidase
6. Liver-secretes bile, filter and storage organ
7. Gall bladder-temporary storage organ of liver
secretion
8. Intestine-alkaline phase of digestion, activate
alkaline protease
9. Anus-end terminal
F. Respiratory system.

1. Gill arches-supported by bony skeleton

2. Gill filament (Primary lamellae)-rows of long
thin filaments
3. Secondary lamellae- exchange of gases

Water is constantly moved across the gills:

1. RAM ventilation
2. Branchial pump
G. Osmoregulation

Osmoregulation of freshwater and marine fishes

H. Electrical System
-possess electroreceptor organs
-electric eel, catfish, ray

I. Biollumination
-self luminous or require symbiotic relationship
with luminous bacteria