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Each individual may be different. If you try to understand a group by remembering the
qualities of each member, you become overwhelmed and fail to understand the group.
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Which group is smarter now?
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110.54 110.23
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There are two fundamental purposes to analyzing data:
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Two major branches of statistics
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1. Descriptive statistics
2. Inferential Statistics
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Descriptive Statistics
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Descriptive Statistics
Summarizing Data:
Central Tendency (or Groups’ “Middle Values”)
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Mean
Median
Mode
Variation (or Summary of Differences Within Groups)
Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
Organize Data
• Tables
• Frequency Distributions
• Relative Frequency Distributions
• Graphs
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• Bar Chart , Histogram, Polygon
INFERENTIAL SATISTICS
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Sample=n=200
min = x
Generalize our findings from
POPULATION=N=1000 the sample to the population
MIN = ? using
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
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POPULATION AND SAMPLE
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The totality to whom/which you wish to
generalize your study finding
SAMPLE
The subjects you actually “use” in your
study 2-Sep-18
What Is Inferential Statistics?
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The goal is to go beyond the data at hand and make inferences about
population parameters.
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Sampling Distributions
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POPULATION: 2, 4, 6, 8
SAMPEL
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POPULATION: 2, 4, 6, 8
SAMPEL MIN PROBALITY
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2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
4,2
4,4
4,6
4,8
6,2
6,4
6,6
6,8
8,2
8,4
8,6
8,8 2-Sep-18
POPULATION: 2, 4, 6, 8
SAMPEL MIN PROBALITY
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2,2 2
2,4 3
2,6 4
2,8 5
4,2 3
4,4 4
4,6 5
4,8 6
6,2 4
6,4 5
6,6 6
6,8 7
8,2 5
8,4 6
8,6 7
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POPULATION: 2, 4, 6, 8
SAMPEL MIN PROBALITY
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2,2 2 1/16
2,4 3 1/16
2,6 4 1/16
2,8 5 1/16
4,2 3 1/16
4,4 4 1/16
4,6 5 1/16
4,8 6 1/16
6,2 4 1/16
6,4 5 1/16
6,6 6 1/16
6,8 7 1/16
8,2 5 1/16
8,4 6 1/16
8,6 7 1/16
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POPULATION: 2, 4, 6, 8
SAMPEL MIN PROBALITY
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2,2 2 1/16
2,4 3 1/16
2,6 4 1/16 Population Mean = ??
2,8 5 1/16
4,2 3 1/16 Mean of the sampling distribution of the
4,4 4 1/16 mean = ??
4,6 5 1/16
4,8 6 1/16
6,2 4 1/16
6,4 5 1/16
6,6 6 1/16
6,8 7 1/16
8,2 5 1/16
8,4 6 1/16
8,6 7 1/16
8,8 8 1/16 2-Sep-18
POPULATION: 2, 4, 6, 8
SAMPEL MIN PROBALITY
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2,2 2 1/16
2,4 3 1/16
2,6 4 1/16
Population Mean = (2+4+6+8)/4 = 5
2,8 5 1/16
4,2 3 1/16 Mean of the sampling distribution of the mean
4,4 4 1/16 = (2+3+4+5+3+4+5+6+4+5+6+7+5+6+7+8)/16
4,6 5 1/16
= 80/16
4,8 6 1/16
6,2 4 1/16
=5
6,4 5 1/16 Mean of the sampling distribution of the
6,6 6 1/16
mean is equal to the population mean!
6,8 7 1/16
8,2 5 1/16
That tells you that repeated sampling will,
8,4 6 1/16 over the long run, produce the correct
8,6 7 1/16 mean.
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SAMPEL MIN PROBALITY
2,2 2 1/16 Table of Frequency Distribution
2,4 3 1/16
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2,6 4 1/16 MIN FREQ PROBALITY
2,8 5 1/16 2 1 1/16
4,2 3 1/16 3 2 2/16
4,4 4 1/16 4 3 3/16
4,6 5 1/16 5 4 4/16
4,8 6 1/16
6 3 3/16
6,2 4 1/16
7 2 2/16
6,4 5 1/16
6,6 6 1/16 8 1 1/16
6,8 7 1/16
8,2 5 1/16
8,4 6 1/16
8,6 7 1/16
8,8 8 1/16
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Histogram
Table of Frequency Distribution
MIN FREQ PROBALITY
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2 1 1/16
3 2 2/16
4 3 3/16
5 4 4/16
6 3 3/16
7 2 2/16
8 1 1/16
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What is Sampling Distributions?
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If you wanted to generate this distribution, you would randomly select a sample,
calculate the mean, randomly select another sample, calculate the mean, and
continue this process until you have calculated the means for all possible
samples. This process will give you a lot of means, and you can construct a line
graph to depict your sampling distribution of the mean
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That tells you that repeated sampling will, over the long run,
produce the correct mean. The spread or variance shows you
that sample means will tend to be somewhat different from the
true population mean in most particular samples.
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The computer program that a researcher uses (e.g., SPSS and SAS)
uses the appropriate sampling distribution for you.
The computer program will look at the type of statistical analysis you
select (and also consider certain additional information that you have
provided, such as the sample size in your study), and then the
statistical program selects the appropriate sampling distribution.
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Important concepts about sampling distributions:
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TERIMA KASIH
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