POWER SUPPLIES

ANNA JANE CREAG

JHESEL DALAN
OBJECTIVES
POWER SUPPLY
A functional block of an electronic
instrument

It is responsible for the function of

rectification.

In simplest form, it could be a battery

or combination of one or more electro-
chemical cells.

Its provides a primary source of electrical

.
energy that makes the system operate in
the form of alternating current.
ALTERNATING CURRENT
The flow of electrons in one direction and then in the other is
called a cycle. The number of cycles that occur in 1 second of
time is called the frequency of ac.

Current produced when electrons move first in one direction and

then in the opposite direction.

Lenz’s Law states that when a conductor cuts through magnetic lines
of force, a current is induced into the conductor so as to oppose the
motion. It states the direction of induced current. The conductor must
cut magnetic lines of force to induce current. No current induced I the
conductor moves parallel to the line of force.

The method of producing an alternating current involves an ac A machine that

generator, often called alternator. generates ac
which compose
of a rotor and
stator
ALTERNATING CURRENT

A gradual rise and fall of current then occurs between the zero
and maximum points. The current so generated follows the
pattern of the mathematical sine function and is therefore called
a sine wave.

The maximum voltage or current of this signal is sometimes referred

as the peak voltage or peak current is called amplitude.

The time it takes for an alternating current to complete one

cycle is called its period. The number of cycles that occur in 1
second is an indication of the frequency in hertz. Ordinary line
voltage has a period of 1/60 of a second when the frequency is
60 Hz.
TRANSFORMER
ACTIONS

Transformer is commonly used to step the line voltage down or up to a desired

operating value.

A transformer is composed of the primary winding – which the input voltage is

applied, secondary winding – which the output voltage is taken, and the core – it is
the parallel lines between the two windings and is usually made of laminated soft
iron.
The output voltage of a transformer may have the same polarity as the input
voltage, or it may have the opposite polarity. The output of the “ideal” transformer
depends on the turns of ratio of the transformer.

The current varies inversely with the voltage. When the voltage is stepped up, the
current will be stepped down. The output current also depends on the turns ratio
of the transformer, if the voltage is stepped up six times, the output current will be
one-sixth of the primary current.

The output voltage is developed when a current passes through a conductor, a

magnetic field is built up around it.
RECTIFIER
The first step in changing alternating current to direct current is
rectification. This process involves eliminating one alternation of the
sine-wave input so that the output flows only in one direction.

The resulting output of the rectifier is then called pulsating dc. It is

normally achieved by a solid-state diode.

There are two types of rectification – the half wave and full wave rectification.
Half wave rectification appears half of the ac wave in the output. Full wave
rectification changes both alternations of a sine wave input into a pulsating dc
output. It can be achieved with two diodes and a center-tapped transformer,
or four diodes in a bridge circuit.

A higher ripple frequency and characteristic output of a full-

wave rectifier is easier to filter than a similar half-wave output.
 It must be filtered for it
to be usable in a power
supply.

It involves changing the

ripple frequency of a
FILTERING rectifier output into a
constant dc voltage value.

It is often called
smoothing out the
ripples of the pulsating
dc voltage.
 The device that contributes capacitance
to the circuit is a capacitor. A capacitor
can be physically described as two
conductors separated by an insulating
material called a dielectric.

Dielectric materials commonly used in

capacitors are air, paper, plastic film,
CAPACITANCE
glass, mica, and oil. The unit for
measuring capacitance is farad.

The capacitance of a capacitor is stated by

the formula C= KA/d. The K in the formula
stands for dielectric constant. A represents
.
the effective area of one plate of a capacitor.
The larger the area the larger the capacitance
will be. The d represents the distance
between plates. The closer together the plates
are, the greater is the capacitance.
 A complete power supply

Regulation
Some power supplies have an added circuit called a regulator. The primary purpose
of a regulator is to aid the rectifier and filter in providing a more constant dc voltage
to the load device. With a regulator connected in the dc output, the voltage can be
maintained within a rather close tolerance of its designed output.
Zener Diode Regulators
A voltage-regulating device that has high impedance at low voltage values and
becomes conductive above the breakdown voltage.

Integrated Circuit Regulators

This chips accepts an unregulated dc input and develops a regulated
output. It contains a series-pass transistor, reference voltage source,
feedback amplifier, and a thermal overload protection circuit. It is available
in a variety of fixed and variable values. This particular unit has three
terminals.