Topic:

Fundamental
Programming
 Group Members
Taimur Ali #22
Fouzia Parveen #23
Muhammad Anjum #24
Muhammad Hamza #26
M.Hassan Raza #27
Saifullah #40
 Program
A program is a collection
of instructions that performs a
specific task when executed by
a computer.
 Programming
.The process of developing
and implementing
various sets of instructions to
enable a computer to do a
certain task.
 Programming
Language
A set of symbols, codes and words used to
write a program.
• Programming languages are artificial
languages created to tell the computer
what to do
• They consist of vocabulary and a set of
rules (grammar/syntax) to write
programs
Cont.…..
Different programming Languages are
 Java
 Ada
 C & C++
 Machine Language
 COBOL
 Forton
 BASIC
 C++ Language
Object oriented programming.
Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in
early 1980s.
Designed for UNIX system
environment.
 Structure of C++
Program
Consists of three main parts.
Preprocessor Directives
The Main( ) Function
C++ Statement
 Preprocessor
Directives
The instructions that are
given to the compiler
before the beginning of
the actual program .
Cont.……
Normally start with a number sign “#” and the
key word “include” or “define”.
Used to include the Header files in the
program.
Example:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<Conio.h>
 Header Files
A C++ source file that contains
the definitions of the library
functions
A header file is added if the function defined in
it is to be used in the program
 The main( )
Function
It indicates the beginning of C++
program.
When a program is executed , the
control goes directly to the main( )
function.
 C++ Statements
Statements are written within the
main function.
These statements are the body of
the Program.
Each statement ends with
semicolon” ; “
 Example
1) #include<iostream.h>
2)Main ( )
3){
4)Cout<<“ hello Class”;
5)}
Some Basic
Definitions
 Constants
A quantity that cannot
change it’s value during
execution is called
constant.
 Types of Constants
Integer Constants
Floating Point Constants
Character Constants
String Constants
 Variables
A quantity whose value may
change during execution is
called Variable.
 Rules of Writing variable
names
First character must be in Alphabetic character.
Underscore can be used as first character.
Blank Spaces are not allowed.
Special Characters and reserved words can bot
be used.
A name declare for one data type can not be
used to declare other data type.
 Data types
C++ has five basic Data types.
1)int Integer
2)float Floating Point
3)double Double Precision
4)char Characters
5)bool Boolean
 Declaration of
variables
Assigning the name and data
type that a variable can hold is
called declaration of variables
Example:
float abc
 Initialization of
Variables
When a known value is assigned
to a variable at the time of it’s
declaration, it is called
initialization of variable.
Examples:
int a=5 , b=10;
 “Cout” object
Stands for “ console output”.
A part of “iostream” header
file.
Used to display output on
computer screen.
 The “endl”
manipulator
Stands for end of line.
A predefined iostream
manipulator
 “cin “ object
Stands for console input .
Also a part of iostream header
file.
Used to get input from
keyboard during execution of
the program.
 Operators
An operator is a symbol that
tells the compiler to perform
specific mathematical or logical
manipulations.
Cont.…..
Different Operators are
Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Increment and Decrement Operators
Assignment Operators
Arithmetic Operator
The five arithmetical operations
supported by C++ are
Relational Operators
 Logical Operator
 There are following logical operators supported by C++
language
 Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then:
Assignment Operators
Increment and
Decrement
 Conditional
Statements
Also called selection
statements.
Used to execute set of
statements after testing a
condition.
 “If” Statement
“if” statement is used to execute set of statements
after testing a condition.
syntax
if (<codition
>)
{
<statement1>;
<statement2>;
…
<statementN>;
}
Cont.….
Flowchart:

Example:
if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed";
 “if-else” Condition
 Another form of “ if statement” used for making two
way decisions.

Syntax:
if(Condition)
Statement1;
else
Statement2;
Cont.….
Flowchart:

Example:
if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed";
else
cout << "Failed";
 “Nested if” Conditions
Syntax:
Cont.…
Flowchart:
Cont.…..
Example:
int examGrade, quizGrade;
if (examGrade < 60)
cout << “We have a problem” << endl;
if(quizGrade < 10)
cout << “We have a real problem” << endl;
else
cout << “Ok”;
 “Nested if-else”
Conditions
 Used for multi-way decision making.
Syntax:
if(Condition1)
Statement1;
else if(Condition2)
Statement2;
else if(Condition3)
Statement3;
else
Statement-n;
Cont.….
• Flowchart:
Cont.…..
Example:
if ( grade >= 90 )
cout << "A";
else if ( grade >= 80 )
cout << "B";
else if ( grade >= 70 )
cout << "C";
else if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "D";
else
cout << "F";
 The “Switch” Statement
 used to control very complex conditional and branching operations.

Syntax:
switch(expression)
{
case constant1: statement1;
break;
case constant2: statement2;
break;
case constantN : statementN;
break;
default : statementDefault;
break;
}
Cont.……
Flowchart:
Cont.…..
Example:
#include <iostream>
int main ()
{
char grade = 'D';
switch(grade)
{
case 'A' :
cout << "Excellent!" << endl;
break;
Cont.……
case 'B' :
case 'C' :
cout << "Well done" << endl;
break;
case 'D' :
cout << "You passed" << endl;
break;
case 'F' :
cout << "Better try again" << endl;
break;
default : cout << "Invalid grade" << endl;
}
cout << "Your grade is " << grade << endl
; return 0;
}
Cont.…..
cout << "You passed" << endl;
break;
case 'F' :
cout << "Better try again" << endl;
break;
default : cout << "Invalid grade" << endl;
}
cout << "Your grade is " << grade << endl
; return 0;
}
 Break Statements
The break; statement terminates the
loop(for, while and do-while loop) and
switch statement immediately when it
appears.
“Nested if-else and Switch
Statements
Nested if-else Switch Statements
 Becomes complicated  Easy to understand for
for multiple selections. multiple selections.
 Uses an independent  Uses a single expression
expression for each for all cases, but each
case. case must have a
constant value of integer
type or character type.
Loop Statements
Loop is a control structure
that repeats a group of steps
in a program.
 “while” loop
A while loop statement repeatedly executes a
target statement as long as a given condition is
true.
Syntax:
while(condition)
{ statement(s); }
Cont.…..
Flow chart:
Cont…..
Example:
#include <iostream>
int main ()
{
int a = 10;

while( a < 20 )
{
cout << "value of a: " << a << endl;
a++;
}
return 0;
}
 “do while” loops
in case of do...while loop, body of loop is executed first
then only test expression is checked.
Syntax:
do
{
statement/s;
}
while (test expression);
Cont.….
Flowchart:
Cont….
Example:
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
float number, sum = 0.0;
do
{
cout<<"Enter a number: ";
cin>>number;
sum += number;
}
while(number != 0.0);
cout<<"Total sum = "<<sum;
return 0;
}
 “for” Loop
The statements in the for loop repeat
continuously for a specific number of
times.
 The while and do-while loops repeat
until a certain condition is
met. The for loop repeats until a specific
count is met.
Cont.…..
Syntax:
for(initial expression; test expression; update
expression)
{
body of loop;
}
Cont….
Flowchart:
Cont.……
Example:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int i, n, factorial = 1;
cout<<"Enter a positive integer: ";
cin>>n;
for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
{ factorial *= i; // factorial = factorial * i;
}
cout<< "Factorial of "<<n<<" = "<<factorial; return 0;
}
 Arrays
• An array is a sequence of objects of same data
types
 One Dimensional Array

• It consists of one column or one

row
• Also called a list or a linear array
Declaration of Arrays
specify the type of the elements and the
number of elements required by an array.

Examples:
type arrayName [ arraySize ];
 Initialization of Arrays
Array’s elements can be initialized one
by one or using a single statement.
Example:
double balance[5] = {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0,
50.0};
 Multidimensional Array

• An array of more than one array.

• Consists of columns and rows.
Thank you . . . !