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JOHN S. LOUCKS
St. Edward’s University
Slide 2
Chapter 9
Hypothesis Testing
n Tests About a Population Proportion
n Hypothesis Testing and Decision Making
n Calculating the Probability of Type II Errors
n Determining the Sample Size for a Hypothesis Test
about a Population Mean
Slide 3
Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Slide 4
Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Slide 5
Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Slide 6
Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Slide 7
A Summary of Forms for Null and Alternative
Hypotheses about a Population Mean
n The equality part of the hypotheses always appears
in the null hypothesis.
n In general, a hypothesis test about the value of a
population mean must take one of the following
three forms (where 0 is the hypothesized value of
the population mean).
Slide 8
Example: Metro EMS
Slide 9
Example: Metro EMS
Slide 10
Type I and Type II Errors
Slide 11
Example: Metro EMS
Population Condition
H0 True Ha True
Conclusion ( ) ( )
Slide 12
The Use of p-Values
Slide 13
The Steps of Hypothesis Testing
Slide 14
One-Tailed Tests about a Population Mean:
Large-Sample Case (n > 30)
n Hypotheses
H0: or H0:
Ha: Ha:
n Test Statistic
Known Unknown
x 0 x 0
z z
/ n s/ n
n Rejection Rule
Reject H0 if z > zReject H0 if z < -z
Slide 15
Example: Metro EMS
Sampling distribution
of x (assuming H0 is
true and = 12) Reject H0
Do Not Reject H0
1.645 x
x
12 c
(Critical value)
Slide 16
Example: Metro EMS
Slide 17
Example: Metro EMS
Reject H0
z
0 1.645 2.47
Slide 18
Two-Tailed Tests about a Population Mean:
Large-Sample Case (n > 30)
n Hypotheses
H0:
Ha:
n Rejection Rule
Reject H0 if |z| > z
Slide 19
Example: Glow Toothpaste
Slide 20
Example: Glow Toothpaste
Slide 21
Example: Glow Toothpaste
z
-1.96 0 1.96
Slide 22
Example: Glow Toothpaste
Slide 24
Confidence Interval Approach to a
Two-Tailed Test about a Population Mean
n Select a simple random sample from the population
and use the value of the sample mean x to develop
the confidence interval for the population mean .
n If the confidence interval contains the hypothesized
value 0, do not reject H0. Otherwise, reject H0.
Slide 25
Example: Glow Toothpaste
Slide 26
Tests about a Population Mean:
Small-Sample Case (n < 30)
n Test Statistic Known Unknown
x 0 x 0
t t
/ n s/ n
This test statistic has a t distribution with n - 1
degrees of freedom.
n Rejection Rule
One-Tailed Two-Tailed
H0: Reject H0 if t > t
H0: Reject H0 if t < -t
H0: Reject H0 if |t| > t
Slide 27
p -Values and the t Distribution
Slide 28
Example: Highway Patrol
Slide 29
Example: Highway Patrol
Slide 30
Summary of Test Statistics to be Used in a
Hypothesis Test about a Population Mean
Yes No
n > 30 ?
No
s known ? Popul.
Yes
approx.
Yes normal
Use s to
estimate s No ?
s known ?
No
Yes Use s to
estimate s
x x x x Increase n
z z z t
/ n s/ n / n s/ n to > 30
Slide 31
A Summary of Forms for Null and Alternative
Hypotheses about a Population Proportion
n The equality part of the hypotheses always appears
in the null hypothesis.
n In general, a hypothesis test about the value of a
population proportion p must take one of the
following three forms (where p0 is the hypothesized
value of the population proportion).
Slide 32
Tests about a Population Proportion:
Large-Sample Case (np > 5 and n(1 - p) > 5)
n Test Statistic p p0
z
p
where: p0 (1 p0 )
p
n
n Rejection Rule
One-Tailed Two-Tailed
H0: p p Reject H0 if z > z
H0: p p Reject H0 if z < -z
H0: pp Reject H0 if |z| > z
Slide 33
Example: NSC
Slide 34
Example: NSC
Slide 35
Example: NSC
Slide 36
Hypothesis Testing and Decision Making
Slide 37
Calculating the Probability of a Type II Error
in Hypothesis Tests about a Population Mean
1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
2. Use the level of significance to establish a rejection
rule based on the test statistic.
3. Using the rejection rule, solve for the value of the
sample mean that identifies the rejection region.
4. Use the results from step 3 to state the values of the
sample mean that lead to the acceptance of H0; this
defines the acceptance region.
5. Using the sampling distributionxof for any value of
from the alternative hypothesis, and the
acceptance region from step 4, compute the
probability that the sample mean will be in the
acceptance region.
Slide 38
Example: Metro EMS (revisited)
Slide 39
Example: Metro EMS (revisited)
12.8323
z
Values of 3.2 / 40 1-
14.0 -2.31 .0104 .9896
13.6 -1.52 .0643 .9357
13.2 -0.73 .2327 .7673
12.83 0.00 .5000 .5000
12.8 0.06 .5239 .4761
12.4 0.85 .8023 .1977
12.0001 1.645 .9500 .0500
Slide 40
Example: Metro EMS (revisited)
Slide 41
Power of the Test
Slide 42
Determining the Sample Size
for a Hypothesis Test About a Population Mean
( z z ) 2 2
n
( 0 a )2
where
z = z value providing an area of in the tail
z = z value providing an area of in the tail
= population standard deviation
0 = value of the population mean in H0
a = value of the population mean used for the
Type II error
Note: In a two-tailed hypothesis test, use z /2 not z
Slide 43
Relationship among , , and n
Slide 44
End of Chapter 9
Slide 45