Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Packet Switching
Packet Switching Preview
• Explain the concept of a path or a route taken
by a packet
• Study the difference between static and
dynamic paths?
• Relate appropriately the terms packet
switching and circuit switching to the terms
dynamic and static paths
• Explore the path taken by a packets in
dynamic routing when a packet travels from
its origin to its destination
The Concept of Path in
Communication
• A path is a route for data to travel between
two nodes in a network
• Dynamic path
– In this case, the path often changes from packet to
packet
– Example: Packet Switching
• Static path
– Path is initially established and it remains
unchanged for the duration of the communication
session
– Example: Circuit Switching
Packet Switching Network
Packet 2
New
York
Los
Angeles Packet 1 Miami
Salient Points of Packet
Switching
• Path
– Each packet may take a different path to its
destination
– Best path is heuristically determined at
each node
• Packet switching
– Path may be switched among packets
– Hence, the term packet switching
Key Words
• Packet and circuit switching
• Dynamic and static paths
End of Module
Module
New
York
Los Las
Angeles Vegas
Miami
Support for Multiple
Communication Sessions
Session 1
Session 2 New
York
Los Las
Angeles Vegas
Miami
Disadvantage or a Concern
• Packets may not arrive at their
destination in the order in which they
were originally transmitted
• The above possibility exists because of
the different paths that are taken by the
different packets
Order of Arrival of Packets
Packet 2
New
Packet 1 York
Los
Angeles
Miami
Packet 2 may arrive earlier than Packet 1.
Packet Assembly
Packet M1
Los
Angeles Miami
New
York
Los Packet 1
Angeles Miami
Houston
Packets are displayed on different sessions on the screen.
Applications Using Multiple-
Sessions
• Sharing
• Collaboration
• Multiple access to an Internet server
• etc.
Packet Delivery
SCREEN
Packets
from
Packets from Origin 2:
origin 1: M1, M2
Sharing of Word
N1, N2
document on
Internet under
Microsoft
NetMeeting
Audio Transmission Over
Packet Switching Network
• Relatively high speeds are required on the
network
• Data compression and other techniques are
used to ensure continuity know as streaming
• Sample applications:
– Audio streaming on the Internet
• RealAudio is an example of a streaming
software
Usage of Packet Switching
Data
Data
Circuit Switching
Questions
• Explain the concepts of circuit
switching. How does it function?
• What are the advantages and
disadvantages of circuit switching?
• Name some applications of circuit
switching
• Compare circuit switching with packet
switching
Circuit Switching Network
Established Circuit
Switch
New
York
Los
Angeles
Circuit established and maintained for
entire duration of communication.
Defining Characteristics of
Circuit Switching
• Establish (switch) a path (circuit)
between two nodes of communication
• Maintain the circuit for the full duration
of communication session
Advantages of Circuit Switching
• Continuity assured in the order of
transmission
• Audio can be transmitted without
streaming provided adequate
bandwidth is available
– Otherwise streaming is necessary
• The overhead is low in switching a
circuit
Disadvantages of Circuit
Switching
• Inefficient use of the paths that are
available within a network
– This may lead to circuit saturation
• Users can be locked out of the network
• Multiple sessions cannot easily be
implemented although it is possible to
have multiple sessions
Circuit Saturation
Established Circuit
New
York
Los
Angeles Miami
Saturation point.
Areas of Applications
• Voice/Video communications
– Telephone network
• Both analog and digital
telecommunication lines can be circuit
switched
• ISDN
More on ISDN
• ISDN has two B channels and one D
channel
– B channel is used for data and D channel is
used for monitoring and control of the data
transmission
• B channels are circuit switched and the
D channels are packet switched
Comparison
Packet Switching Circuit Switching
_______________________________________________
END OF CHAPTER