PERKEMBANGAN HEWAN

Transformasi (perubahan) dari suatu keadaan ke

keadaan lain yang progresif dan relatif permanen

Keadaan meliputi
• Susunan
• Fungsi
• Komposisi

Pola perkembangan
• pembelahan
• gerakan morfogenetik
• diferensiasi
• pertumbuhan
• Mitosis
• Tidak tumbuh
• Inti sel semakin lama kecil
• Jumlah sitoplasma semakin sedikit
• Pembelahan memp. pola tertentu

• Gerakan menghasilkan bentuk

• Gerakan sejumlah sel penataan diri lapisan
lembaga (ektoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
• Invaginasi
• Evaginasi
• Involusi
• Epiboli
• Migrasi
• Delaminasi
• Gerakan amoeboid

Perubahan yang terjadi pada sel/jaringan sehingga

mempunyai bentuk dan fungsi spesifik
HUBUNGAN DENGAN BIDANG ILMU LAIN

Genetika Histologi
Perkembangan
hewan
Biokimia
Anatomi
Endokrinologi
Fisiologi
GAMETOGENESIS
• Asal & migrasi BSK gonad
• Mitosis
• Reduksi secara meiosis
• Pemasakan & deferensiasi gamet sperma/ovum
anura
Terdapat pd daerah vegetatif sel telur
endoderm (gastrulasi)

ukuran sel besar, sitoplasma jernih, fosfatase

alkalin (mamalia), glikogen (burung)
 Migrasi PGC selama embriogenesis

Arise from embryonic ectoderm. Move out to the yoke sac. Then back into
the embryo proper, to the Genital Ridge.
Movement of the Primordial germ cells in the
embryo
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Two kinds of cell division

Replication

Division

Reduction
Division
Differences between male and female Meiosis
In Humans

Stem Cell Regenerated

Stem cells capable of self renewal
 Crossing-over occurs between
maternal and paternal Chromosomes
 Summary
•Meiosis creates gametes that are 1N
•Male gametogenesis results in the formation 4
sperm
•Female gametogenesis results in the
formation of 1 oocyte and 3 polar bodies
•Male spermatogenesis begins at puberty
•Female oogenesis begins during
emryogenesis but is suspended until puberty.
•Crossing-over occurs only during MEIOSIS.
•Crossing-over generates Genetic diversity

Compare/Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis

Ovum (squirrel)
Primordial Follicle (human)
Secondary Follicle (human)
Addition of Yolk to Oocyte by Follicle Cells
Maturing Secondary Follicle (monkey)
Secondary Ooocyte in Antral Follicle (human)
Oogenesis – formation of polar bodies
(rat, human, and mouse, respectively)
(Click on the link to run the animation)

meiosis

(Close the movie window to return to this presentation)

Frog (Xenopus)
oogenesis
Fertilization - Acrosome Reaction and Cortical Reaction
 Sea Urchin
rhodamine phalloidin staining
of fertilization cone
(explosive actin polymerization)
Inositol triphosphate (IP3) is a second messenger released from phosphatidyl inositol
bisphosphate (PIP) by phospholipase C, and binds to and activates a calcium channel in
the endoplasmic reticulum, releasing a wave of Ca++ that spreads across the ovum.
Calcium ion stimlates the release of cortical granules to the perivitelline space, which
widens as a slow block to polyspermy and deactivates bindin receptors.
 Sea Urchin
Cortical Reaction
phase contrast left
intracellular Ca++ right
 Sea Urchin
fusion of egg and
sperm pronuclei
Ascidean Cortical Rotation
 frog (Xenopus)
cortical rotation
(follows gravitational
rotation)
 frog (Xenopus)
gravitational rotation,
cleavage
Branchiostoma Cleavage and Blastulation
Xenopus Blastulation
frog (Xenopus)
blastulation
Branchiostoma Gastrulation
Xenopus Zygote Cytoplasmic Fate Map
Xenopus median section blastulation – bottle cells
Xenopus Vegetal and Median Gastrulation
 Frog (Xenopus)
Gastrulation,
formation of yolk plug,
neurulation
Xenopus Median and Parasagittal Gastrulation
 Frog (Xenopus)
Gastrulation – median
optical section
Keller sandwich
Cutout (frog)
 Keller sandwich explant
(chordaneural elongation)
Branchiostoma Neurulation
Xenopus Neurulation