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9.0.0.1
128.4.0.1/16 128.6.0.1/16
A 128.2.0.1/16 128.2.0.2/16 128.4.0.2/16 C 128.6.0.2/16 D
B
ROUTING TABLE – ROUTER A ROUTING TABLE – ROUTER B ROUTING TABLE – ROUTER C ROUTING TABLE – ROUTER D
128.1.0.0/16 Directly connected 128.1.0.0/16 Reach 128.2.0.1 128.1.0.0/16 Reach 128.4.0.1 128.1.0.0/16 Reach 128.6.0.1
128.2.0.0/16 Directly connected 128.2.0.0/16 Directly connected 128.2.0.0/16 Reach 128.4.0.1 128.2.0.0/16 Reach 128.6.0.1
9.0.0.0/8 Directly connected 9.0.0.0/8 Reach 128.2.0.1 9.0.0.0/8 Reach 128.4.0.1 9.0.0.0/8 Reach 128.6.0.1
128.3.0.0/16 Reach 128.2.0.2 128.3.0.0/16 Directly connected 128.3.0.0/16 Reach 128.4.0.1 128.3.0.0/16 Reach 128.6.0.1
128.4.0.0/16 Reach 128.2.0.2 128.4.0.0/16 Directly connected 128.4.0.0/16 Directly connected 128.4.0.0/16 Reach 128.6.0.1
128.5.0.0/16 Reach 128.2.0.2 128.5.0.0/16 Reach 128.4.0.2 128.5.0.0/16 Directly connected 128.5.0.0/16 Reach 128.6.0.1
128.6.0.0/16 Reach 128.2.0.2 128.6.0.0/16 Reach 128.4.0.2 128.6.0.0/16 Directly connected 128.6.0.0/16 Directly connected
128.7.0.0/16 Reach 128.2.0.2 128.7.0.0/16 Reach 128.4.0.2 128.7.0.0/16 Reach 128.6.0.2 128.7.0.0/16 Directly connected
10.0.0.0/8 Reach 9.0.0.2 10.0.0.0/8 Reach 128.2.0.2 10.0.0.0/8 Reach 128.4.0.1 10.0.0.0/8 Reach 128.6.0.1
1
DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
ROUTING TABLE – ROUTER E
128.1.7.1 (D)
128.1.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.1
9.0.0.0/8 Directly connected DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
10.0.0.0/8
10.0.0.0/8 Directly connected 128.1.255.1 (D)
128.1 = 10000000.00000001
16 = 11111111.11111111
E
9.0.0.2
9.0.0.1
128.1.0.17/30 128.1.0.21/30
A 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.18/30 C 128.1.0.22/30 D
B
128.1.4.0/24
128.1.2.0/24
128.1.3.0/24
128.1.0.0/30
128.1.0.12/30
128.1.0.4/30
Point – to – Point Links 128.1.0.16/30
128.1.0.8/30
128.1.0.20/30
2
ROUTING TABLE – ROUTER E
128.1.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.1
9.0.0.0/8 Directly connected
10.0.0.0/8
10.0.0.0/8 Directly connected
E
9.0.0.2
9.0.0.5
9.0.0.6
9.0.0.1
128.1.0.17/30 128.1.0.21/30
A 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.18/30 C 128.1.0.22/30 D
B
128.1.4.0/24
128.1.2.0/24
128.1.3.0/24
128.1.0.0/30
128.1.0.12/30
128.1.0.4/30
Point – to – Point Links 128.1.0.16/30
128.1.0.8/30
128.1.0.20/30
3
DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
ROUTING TABLE – ROUTER E
128.1.2.1 (D)
128.1.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.1
128.1.2.0/24 Reach 9.0.0.6 DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
10.0.0.0/8
9.0.0.0/8 Directly connected 128.1.4.1 (D)
128.1 = 10000000.00000001
10.0.0.0/8 Directly connected 16 = 11111111.11111111
E
9.0.0.2 128.1.2 = 10000000.00000001.00000010
24 = 11111111.11111111.11111111
9.0.0.5
9.0.0.6
9.0.0.1
128.1.0.17/30 128.1.0.21/30
A 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.18/30 C 128.1.0.22/30 D
B
128.1.4.0/24
128.1.2.0/24
128.1.3.0/24
128.1.0.0/30
128.1.0.12/30
128.1.0.4/30
Point – to – Point Links 128.1.0.16/30
128.1.0.8/30
128.1.0.20/30
4
DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
ROUTING TABLE – ROUTER E
128.1.2.1 (D)
128.0.0.0/8 reach 9.0.0.9
128.1.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.1 DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
10.0.0.0/8
128.1.2.0/24 Reach 9.0.0.6 128.1.4.1 (D)
128.1 = 10000000.00000001
9.0.0.0/8 Directly connected 16 = 11111111.11111111
E
10.0.0.0/8 Directly connected DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
9.0.0.2 128.1.2 = 10000000.00000001.00000010
128.2.4.1 (D)
24 = 11111111.11111111.11111111
9.0.0.5
9.0.0.9
9.0.0.6
9.0.0.1
128.1.0.17/30 128.1.0.21/30
A 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.18/30 C 128.1.0.22/30 D
B
128.6.0.0/16 128.255.0.0/1
128.2.0.0/16 128.4.0.0/16 128.5.0.0/16 6
128.3.0.0/16
128.1.4.0/24
128.1.2.0/24
128.1.3.0/24
5
DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
ROUTING TABLE – ROUTER E
128.1.2.1 (D)
128.0.0.0/8 reach 9.0.0.9
128.1.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.1 DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
10.0.0.0/8
128.1.2.0/24 Reach 9.0.0.6 128.1.4.1 (D)
128.1 = 10000000.00000001
129.0.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.9 16 = 11111111.11111111
E
9.0.0.0/8 Directly connected DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
9.0.0.2 128.1.2 = 10000000.00000001.00000010
10.0.0.0/8 Directly connected 128.2.4.1 (D)
24 = 11111111.11111111.11111111
9.0.0.5
9.0.0.9
9.0.0.6
9.0.0.1
128.1.0.17/30 128.1.0.21/30
A 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.18/30 C 128.1.0.22/30 D
B
128.6.0.0/16 128.255.0.0/1
128.2.0.0/16 128.4.0.0/16 128.5.0.0/16 6
128.3.0.0/16
128.1.4.0/24
128.1.2.0/24
128.1.3.0/24
129.0.0.0/16
6
ROUTING TABLE – ROUTER E
128.0.0.0/7 reach 9.0.0.9
128.1.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.1 DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
10.0.0.0/8
128.1.2.0/24 Reach 9.0.0.6 129.1.4.1 (D)
128 = 10000000
129.0.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.9 7 = 11111110.
E
9.0.0.0/8 Directly connected
9.0.0.2 129.1.2.2 = 10000001.00000001.00000010. 00000010
10.0.0.0/8 Directly connected 7 = 11111110.00000000.00000000.00000000
9.0.0.5
9.0.0.9
9.0.0.6
9.0.0.1
128.1.0.17/30 128.1.0.21/30
A 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.18/30 C 128.1.0.22/30 D
B
128.6.0.0/16 128.255.0.0/1
128.2.0.0/16 128.4.0.0/16 128.5.0.0/16 6
128.3.0.0/16
128.1.4.0/24
128.1.2.0/24
128.1.3.0/24
129.0.0.0/16
7
ROUTING TABLE – ROUTER E
128.0.0.0/6 reach 9.0.0.9
128.1.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.1 DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
10.0.0.0/8
128.1.2.0/24 Reach 9.0.0.6 131.1.2.2 (D)
128 = 10000000
129.0.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.9 6 = 11111100.
E
9.0.0.0/8 Directly connected
9.0.0.2 131.1.2.2 = 10000011.00000001.00000010. 00000010
10.0.0.0/8 Directly connected 6 = 11111100.00000000.00000000.00000000
9.0.0.5
9.0.0.9
9.0.0.6
9.0.0.1
128.1.0.17/30 128.1.0.21/30
A 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.18/30 C 128.1.0.22/30 D
B
128.6.0.0/16 128.255.0.0/1
128.2.0.0/16 128.4.0.0/16 128.5.0.0/16 6
128.3.0.0/16
128.1.4.0/24
128.1.2.0/24
128.1.3.0/24
8
ROUTING TABLE – ROUTER E
128.0.0.0/5 reach 9.0.0.9
128.1.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.1 DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
10.0.0.0/8
128.1.2.0/24 Reach 9.0.0.6 135.1.2.2 (D)
128 = 10000000
129.0.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.9 5 = 11111000.
E
9.0.0.0/8 Directly connected
9.0.0.2 135.1.2.2 = 10000111.00000001.00000010. 00000010
10.0.0.0/8 Directly connected 5 = 11111000.00000000.00000000.00000000
9.0.0.5
9.0.0.9
9.0.0.6
9.0.0.1
128.1.0.17/30 128.1.0.21/30
A 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.18/30 C 128.1.0.22/30 D
B
128.6.0.0/16 128.255.0.0/1
128.2.0.0/16 128.4.0.0/16 128.5.0.0/16 6
128.3.0.0/16
128.1.4.0/24
128.1.2.0/24
128.1.3.0/24
9
ROUTING TABLE – ROUTER E
128.0.0.0/4 reach 9.0.0.9
128.1.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.1 DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
10.0.0.0/8
128.1.2.0/24 Reach 9.0.0.6 143.1.2.2 (D)
128 = 10000000
129.0.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.9 5 = 11110000.
E
9.0.0.0/8 Directly connected
9.0.0.2 143.1.2.2 = 10001111.00000001.00000010. 00000010
10.0.0.0/8 Directly connected 4 = 11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000
9.0.0.5
9.0.0.9
9.0.0.6
9.0.0.1
128.1.0.17/30 128.1.0.21/30
A 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.18/30 C 128.1.0.22/30 D
B
128.6.0.0/16 128.255.0.0/1
128.2.0.0/16 128.4.0.0/16 128.5.0.0/16 6
128.3.0.0/16
128.1.4.0/24
128.1.2.0/24
128.1.3.0/24
10
ROUTING TABLE – ROUTER E
0.0.0.0/0 reach 9.0.0.9
128.1.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.1 DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
10.0.0.0/8
128.1.2.0/24 Reach 9.0.0.6 143.1.2.2 (D)
0 = 10000000
129.0.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.9 0 = 0000000.
E
9.0.0.0/8 Directly connected
9.0.0.2 223.1.2.2 = 11101111.00000001.00000010. 00000010
10.0.0.0/8 Directly connected 0 = 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
9.0.0.5
9.0.0.9
9.0.0.6
9.0.0.1
128.1.0.17/30 128.1.0.21/30
A 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.18/30 C 128.1.0.22/30 D
B
128.6.0.0/16 128.255.0.0/1
128.2.0.0/16 128.4.0.0/16 128.5.0.0/16 6
128.3.0.0/16
128.1.4.0/24
128.1.2.0/24
128.1.3.0/24
11
ROUTING TABLE – ROUTER E
0.0.0.0/0 reach 9.0.0.9
128.1.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.1 DATA 10.0.0.11 (S)
10.0.0.0/8
128.1.2.0/24 Reach 9.0.0.6 143.1.2.2 (D)
0 = 10000000
129.0.0.0/16 Reach 9.0.0.9 0 = 0000000.
E
9.0.0.0/8 Directly connected
9.0.0.2 223.1.2.2 = 11101111.00000001.00000010. 00000010
10.0.0.0/8 Directly connected 0 = 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
9.0.0.5
9.0.0.9
9.0.0.6
9.0.0.1
128.1.0.17/30 128.1.0.21/30
A 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.13/30 128.1.0.18/30 C 128.1.0.22/30 D
B
128.6.0.0/16 128.255.0.0/1
128.2.0.0/16 128.4.0.0/16 128.5.0.0/16 6
128.3.0.0/16
128.1.4.0/24
128.1.2.0/24
128.1.3.0/24
12
Scaling Large
Enterprise
Networks
13
Problem Analysis
• Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs)
• Distance vector protocols
Periodic
Simple
14
Problem Analysis (Cont.)
15
IGP’s—RIP
• Distance vector
• Split horizon
• Decisions based on hop count
16
IGP’s—RIP (Cont.)
- +
• 16 hop maximum • But it is a ‘standard’
• 30 second • Simple
periodic update
• CPU efficient
• Bandwidth inefficient
• Handles silent hosts
• No VLSM (routed)
• Slow convergence • Supports default
injection
• No security
• No multicast
17
IGP’s—RIPv2
• Distance vector
• Split horizon
• Decisions based on hop count
• Adds VLSM support
18
IGP’s—RIPv2 (Cont.)
- +
• 16 hop maximum • Standards based
• 30 second • Simple
periodic update
• CPU efficient
• Bandwidth inefficient
• Handles silent
• Slow convergence hosts (routed)
• Supports default
injection
• Authentication
• Multicast
19
Variable Length Subnetting (IP)
A
172.16.50.1
.5 255.255.255.0
172.16.1.4
255.255.255.252 .13
B
.6
172.16.40.1 172.16.1.12
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.252
.9
172.16.1.8 .14
255.255.255.252 .10
172.16.60.1
255.255.255.0
C
• Conserve IP addresses
20
Discontiguous IP Subnet
A
172.16.50.1
.5 255.255.255.0
192.168.1.4
255.255.255.252 .13
B
.6
172.16.40.1 192.168.1.12
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.252
.9
192.168.1.8 .14
255.255.255.252 .10
172.16.60.1
255.255.255.0
C
21
Route Summarization
172.16.0/17 172.16.128/17
192.111.107/24
Route Summaries
172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0
192.111.107.0 255.255.255.0
RIP V1
23
Multicast Routing Updates
RIP V2
24
IGP’s—IGRP
• Distance vector
• Split horizon
• Decisions based on bandwidth
and delay
25
IGP’s—IGRP (Cont.)
- +
• 90 second • Simple
periodic update
• CPU efficient
• Bandwidth
• Supports default
inefficient
injection
• Slow convergence
• Use of metrics to
• Proprietary select best path
26
IGRP Compound Metric
T1
R2
• Delay
• Bandwidth T1
• Reliability 56k
• Load R1 R3
• Administrative weight
27
IGP’s—OSPF
• Link state
• Decisions based on cost
• Cost based on bandwidth
(Default cisco cost =100,000/bandwidth k)
30
IGP’s—EIGRP (Cont.)
- +
• Bandwidth intensive • Fast convergence
• Not efficient in highly • No periodic update
redundant topologies
• Supports default injection
• Proprietary
• Authentication
• Queries used to find
• Hello’s
new routes
• Auto summarization
• Topology tables can
be large • Simple to implement
• Advertizes its
routing table
31
What Is Route Summarization?
172.16.25.0/24
I Can
Route to the
172.16.0.0/16
Network
172.16.26.0/24 A
33
Summarizing Addresses in a
VLSM-Designed Network
172.16.128.0/20
B
B
172.16.32.64/26
172.16.32.0/24
Internet
C C A
A
172.16.32.128/26 172.16.0.0/16
D
172.16.64.0/20
D
34
Route Summarization
Operation in Cisco Routers
172.168.5.33 /32 Host
172.168.5.32 /27 Subnet
172.168.5.0 /20 Network
172.168.0.0 /16 Block of Networks
0.0.0.0 /0 Default
35
Summarizing Routes in a
Discontiguous Network
172.16.5.0 192.168.14.16 172.16.6.0
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.0
A B
Advertise Subnet
172.16.0.0
36
IGP Conclusions
37
IGP Conclusions
700 4000
600 3500
3000
500 Update Update
Dead Interval 2500 Dead Interval
400 Overhead
2000
300
1500
200
1000
100 500
0 0
RIP/ IGRP EIGRP OSPF EIGRP OSPF RIP/ IGRP EIGRP OSPF EIGRP OSPF
RIPv2 Broad- Broad- NBMA NBMA RIPv2 Broad- Broad- NBMA NBMA
cast cast cast cast
38
IGP Conclusions
400 400
350 350
300 300
Update Update
250 Dead Interval 250 Dead Interval
Overhead
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
EIGRP OSPF EIGRP OSPF EIGRP OSPF EIGRP OSPF
Broad- Broad- NBMA NBMA Broad- Broad- NBMA NBMA
cast cast cast cast
39
Default Administrative Distances
Route Source Default Distance
Connected Interface 0
Static Route 1
Enhanced IGRP Summary Route 5
External BGP 20
Internal Enhanced IGRP 90
IGRP 100
OSPF 110
IS-IS 115
RIP 120
EGP 140
External Enhanced IGRP 170
Internal BGP 200
Unknown 255
40
Building the Routing Table
• Hardware state
• Static
Routes are manually defined
• Dynamic
Routes are learned from a protocol
41
Routing Table
192.168.97.0 Ethernet0 C
42
Comparison of Routing Protocols
Link Traditional Advance
State Distance Distance
Vector Vector
Scalability Good Low Excellent
Bandwidth Low High Low
43
Internet Routing Protocols
• IP routing protocols are characterized as
44
Routing Protocol Goals
• Adapts to changes
easily and quickly
• Optimal path selection • Does not create a lot
• Loop-free routing of traffic
• Fast convergence • Scales to a large size
• Limited design • Compatible with existing
administration hosts and routers
• Minimize update traffic • Supports variable length
subnet masks and
• Handle address discontiguous subnets
limitations
• Supports policy routing
• Easy to configure
45
Interior Vs. Exterior
Routing Protocols
• Interior • Exterior
Automatic discovery Specifically
configured peers
Generally trust your
IGP routers Connecting with
outside networks
Routes go to all
IGP routers Set administrative
boundaries
46
IGP Vs. EGP
• What Is an IGP? • What Is an EGP?
Interior Gateway Exterior Gateway
Protocol Protocol
Within an Used to convey
Autonomous System routing information
between ASs
Carries information
decoupled from the IGP
about internal prefixes
Current EGP is BGP
Examples—OSPF,
ISIS, EIGRP…
47
Intra-Domain Routing—OSPF
48
Inter-Domain Routing—BGP4
NAP
NAP Europe
NAP Japan
Backbone 2
Australia
Network NAP
• Enterprise multihoming
• Qos—policy propagation
• mBGP
49
BGP4 Multihoming
• Current options ISP A ISP B
Single upstream ISP—
BGP multipath support
(Cisco IOS 11.2)
Default routing/IGP selection
eBGP Peers eBGP Peers
Partial routing
iBGP Peers
• Enterprise requirements
Provider flexibility Enterprise X
Independence from
addressing constraints
Optimized topology
50
BGP
51
BGP Nomenclature
• IBGP—Internal BGP
Internal BGP peers are within the same AS
• EBGP—External BGP
External BGP peers are in different AS’s
52
BGP
Internal BGP
53
Corporate Intranet—IBGP
IGP 1 A B IGP 2
IGP 3 C AS D IGP 4
64530
54
IBGP with Internet Connection
E
IGP 1 A B IGP 2
IGP 3 C AS D IGP 4
64530
55
IBGP Full Mesh
• Full mesh does not scale
• Solution should not change
the current behavior
• Avoids routing information loop
• Two solutions
Route reflectors
Confederations
56
Route Reflectors
57
Normal IBGP
AS 64530
B C
58
Route Reflector: Principle
Route Reflector
AS 64530
B C
59
Route Reflector: Benefits
• Solves IBGP mesh problem
• Packet forwarding is not affected
• Normal BGP speakers co-exist
• Multiple reflectors for redundancy
• Easy migration
• Multiple levels of route reflectors
60
Confederation
61
Confederation
• Collection of AS—Sub-AS
• Visible to outside world as single AS
• Uses reserved AS numbers
for internal sub-AS
• Sub-AS are fully meshed
• EBGP between sub-AS
62
BGP
External BGP
63
Corporate Intranet with Policy
AS AS
65501 65502
A B
IGP 1 IGP 2
AS AS
65503 65504
C D
IGP 3 IGP 4
64
Corporate Intranet with Policy
65
Corporate Intranet—OSPF
Area 40
Area 1
Area 2
Area 0
Area 3
Area 20
66
Corporate Intranet—IBGP
IGP 5 IGP 5
IGP 6 IGP 6
AS 64530
IGP 7 IGP 7
IGP 8 IGP 8
67
Fundamentals of BGP
Autonomous System
68
Internal BGP
A B AS 200
69
External BGP
• When BGP neighbors AS 109
belong to different AS
• Neighbors should be
directly connected 131.108.0.0 A
.1
131.108.10.0
• Configuration
B
Router B .2
150.10.0.0
router bgp 110
network 150.10.0.0
neighbor 131.108.10.1 remote-as 109
AS 110
Router A
router bgp 109
network 131.108.0.0
neighbor 131.108.10.2 remote-as 110
70
IBGP, EBGP Example
AS 1 AS 3
EBGP EBGP
AS 2
IBGP
71
BGP
73
Advertising Networks
Using Network Command
AS1
Router A A
11.0.0.0
router bgp 1 12.0.0.0
neighbor 1.1.1.2 remote-as 2
network 11.0.0.0 EBGP
network 12.0.0.0
Router B 92.0.0.0
router bgp 2 93.0.0.0 B
74
Advertising Networks
By redistributing Static Routes
AS1
A
11.0.0.0
Router A 12.0.0.0
router bgp 1
neighbor 1.1.1.2 remote-as 2 EBGP
redistribute static
75
Advertising Networks
By Redistributing Dynamic Routes
AS1
A
11.0.0.0
12.0.0.0
Router A EBGP
router bgp 1
neighbor 1.1.1.2 remote-as 2
redistribute ospf 1 92.0.0.0
93.0.0.0 B
76
he
Synchronization
Rule:
Do not use/advertise a prefix until a
matching route has been learnt from
an IGP
77
Synchronization AS 10
C A
Routers A, B, D run I-BGP
Router C does not D B
AS 1
If synchronization is off then
• Router A sends traffic to C to reach
128.10.0.0
• C drops the packets since it has no
route to 128.10.0.0 AS 2
78
Autonomous Systems
IGPs: RIP, IGRP, EGPs: BGP
OSPF, EIGRP
AS BGP AS
64500 A F 65500
BGP AS
D 65250 E
Interior or Hierarchy
Protocol DV or LS Metric
Exterior Required
EIGRP Advanced
Interior No Composite
DV
BGP
Advanced Path vectors
Exterior No
DV or attributes
81
Local Preference Attribute
AS 65350
172.16.0.0 AS 65250 AS 65000
B C
MED = 150
MED = 200
A 172.16.0.0
AS 65000
AS 65000 AS 65250
172.20.0.0
AS 65500
B
D C
AS 64500
Mandatory Discreptionary
Included in every update Not necessary to be Transitive Non-transitive
included in every update Marked as partial &
AS Path (code 2) Discarded if not
Local preference (code 5) propagated to other recognized
Next Hop (code 3) neighbors – if recognized
Atomic Aggregate (code 6) MED (code 4)
Origin (code 1) Aggregator (code 7)
Origenator ID (code 9)
Community (code 8) (Cisco)
90
Incoming traffic matches the most-specific route
INTERNET
207.36.64.0/19
205.113.48.0/20 E
205.113.50.0/23
ISP1 ISP2
205.113.48.0/20 B C
207.36.64.0/19
205.113.50.0/23
205.113.50.0/23
A
SUBSCRIBER
205.113.50.0/23
91
ISPs require Globally Routable address
INTERNET
205.113.48.0/20 207.36.64.0/19
E
205.113.50.0/23 205.113.50.0/23
ISP1 ISP2
205.113.48.0/20 B C
207.36.64.0/19
205.113.50.0/23
205.113.50.0/23
A
SUBSCRIBER
205.113.50.0/23
92
ISPs require Globally Routable address
INTERNET
Customer 1
E
Customer 2
Customer 4
205.113.48.0/20
205.113.50.0/23
93
ISPs require Globally Routable address
INTERNET
Customer 1
E
Customer 2
ISP2 routes
Full Routes B ISP2 routes
Plus default Customer 3
205.113.50.0/23
Customer 4
205.113.48.0/20
205.113.50.0/23
94
Shortest loop free Inter AS Path
207.126.0.0/16 (4,2,1)
AS 7
AS 4
207.126.0.0/16 (6,5,3,1)
AS 2
AS 6
AS 3
AS 5 AS 1
207.126.0.0/16
95
Shortest loop free Inter AS Path
207.126.0.0/16 AS 8
(8,7,4,2,1) 207.126.0.0/16 (7,4,2,1)
AS 7
AS 4
AS 9
AS 2
207.126.0.0/16
(9,8,7,4,2,1)
AS 6
AS 3
AS 5 AS 1
207.126.0.0/16
96
AS Numbers are Prepended
NAP
207.126.0.0/16 207.126.0.0/16
(500,200,100) (300,100)
AS 500 AS 300
207.126.0.0/16 207.126.0.0/16
(200,100) (100)
AS 200
AS 100
207.126.0.0/16 (100) 207.126.0.0/16
97
AS Numbers are Prepended
NAP
207.126.0.0/16 207.126.0.0/16
(500,200,100) (300,100,100,100)
AS 500 AS 300
207.126.0.0/16 207.126.0.0/16
(200,100) (100,100,100)
AS 200
AS 100
207.126.0.0/16 (100) 207.126.0.0/16
98
• Lan Technologies • WAN Technologies
• Star, Bus, Ring, FDDI • PPP/SLIP
• MAC(CSMA/CD, Token Passing) • Asynchronous circuits
• 10base5, 10 base 2, 1 base 5, 10base T, • ISDN, DDR
100baseT, 10 broad36, 10 base FL, 10base • Frame Relay, X.25, ATM, SMDS
FOIRL, 100base4, 100baseFx, 100baseTx,
1000baseSx, 1000baseFx, 1000baseCx, • OC-1 51.84, OC-3 155.52, OC-9 466.56
1000baseT, LANE • OC-12 622.08, OC-18 933.12, OC-24
1244.16
• OC-36 1866.24, OC-48 2488.32, OC-192
9953.28, OC-768 39813.12
• OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
• STM1 etc
• CIDR/VLSM/SubnetSupernet, 172.25.0.0
• T1/E1, T3/E3 etc
zero subnet etc, NAT • SECURITY
• NBMA • ACL, Firewall, VPN, IPSEC,
• E
Unicast/Mcast/Broadcast
network
AS 65500 GRE.
• Routing Control
• ACL, Polocy routing
ISP 172.20.0.0 172.30.0.0 ISP • Distribution lists
• Route redistribution
AS 65000 AS 65250
B C
10.10.10.2 10.10.20.1
• SWITCHING
• ROUTING • Vlans/VTP
• Static Routing • Spanning Tree
• RIP • Vlan Routing
• IGRP 10.10.10.1 10.10.20.2 • MLS
• EIGRP • HSRP
• OSPF A • Multicast
• IS-IS AS 64500 • Queing
• IBGP • Compression
BGP
99
ASTRA CCNP/CCIE LAB
Astra
Infonets
Astra NOC
7206 7507
INTERNET
For Voice
Testing
VoIP
{Cisco 1750-4V,
{Cisco 2610 + IOS enterprise Plus 2FXS+2E&M+2WAN} x 1 nos.
+ memory +Cables} x 3 nos.
For WAN Testing
{Cisco 2610 + IOS IP Plus
{Cisco 2522 + IOS enterprise
+ memory + 2E&M +
+ memory +Cables} x 2 nos.
2 FXS ports + 2 WAN + Cables} x 1 nos.
For Frame Relay
and ISDN Testing For Voice and
WAN Testing 100
Network Competency Center
Astra
1. CCNA Infonets
5. VOICE OVER IP
161
102