ADRENAL GLANDS

KELENJAR ADRENAL

• Sepasang
• Lokasi: superior of each kidney, retroperitoneal
• Bentuk: flattened pyramidal shape (h: 3-5 cm, w: 2-3 cm, t: <1 cm, m: 3,5-
5 g)
• Saat proses embriologi scf fungsi dan struktur dibagi mjd 2: korteks (80-
90%) dan adrenal
• Highly vascularized (spt tiroid)
 ADRENAL CORTEX
• Dibagi md 3 zona (3 different
hormones)
• Outer, zona glomerulosa:
mineralocorticoids affect mineral
homeostasis
• Middle zone, widest, zona
fasciculata: glucocorticoids
Glucose homeostasis • Korteks adrenal= jaringan steroidogenik hormon adrenokorteks
• Prekursor= kolesterol prenenolon rx enzimatik (modifikasi mol
• Inner zone, zona reticularis: inti) hormon steroid aktif
androgens steroid hormones that • Dibagi berdasar efek primer
• Kompleks reseptor-hormon ke nukleus terikat dg elemen respon
have masculinizing effects. transkripsi sintesis protein baru yg membawa efek hormon
 MINERALOCORTICOIDS
• Aldosteron regulates homeostasis of two mineral ions (Na+, K+) and adjust blood
pressure and blood volume. Promotes excretion of H+
• RAA pathway controls secretion of aldosteron
• Secreted by zona glomerulosa
• Transport: albumin
• Reseptor: r. mineralokortikoid
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
• Regulasi metabolisme dan respon
thd stress, include cortisol
(hydrocortison), corticosterone,
cortisone.
• Secreted bt zona fasiculata
(major) & zona reticularis
• Cortisol 95% activity of
glucocorticoids
• Controls: negative feedback
system
• Transport: corticosteroid-binding
globulin (transkortin)
• Reseptor: r. glucocorticoid
GLUCOCORTICOIDS EFFECTS
• Protein breakdownutama lokasi otot aa di darah dipakai utk sintesis protein
untuk glukoneogenesis
• Glucose formation liver convert aa or lactid acid to glucose for neurons or other cells
(gluconeogenesis)
• Menghambat penyerapan dan pemakaian glukosa oleh banyak jaringan
• Lipolysis breakdown tg ffa into blood stream
• Resistance to stress fungsi metabolisme stress: exercise, fasting, temperature
extremes, bleeding, infection, trauma, etc.
• Anti-inflammatory effects inhibit blood cells that participate in inflammatory
response
• Deppresion of immune response
• Efek permisif terhadap katekolamin
 ANDROGENS
• Secreted small amounts of weak androgens
• Major hormon: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
• Males after puberty, testosterone (testis) banyak, jadinya dhea kurang
signifikan
• Females important roles. Converted into estrogent by other tissue. Promote
libido (feminizing sex steroids). Menopause only adrenal
• F(x) rambut pubis dan axilla, lonjakan pertumbuhan prepubertas pada
perempuan.
• Controls: hormon utama ACTH, feedback menghambat grh
• Secreted by: fasiculata & reticularis. Transport: albumin. Reseptor: r. androgen
MEDULLA ADRENAL
• Modikasi ganglion simpatis dari sistem saraf otonom.
• Develop from the same tissue as all other sympathetic ganglia which lacks
axons, form clusters around large blood vessel.
• Chromaffin cells dipersarafi neuron preganglion simpatis
• Cathecolamine 80% epinefrin dan 20% norepinefrin fight or fligh
response
• Efek pada organ jantung, PRINSIP: FLIGHT
pembuluh darah, arteri koronaria, OR FIGHT
pembuluh darah otot, saluran
napas, pencernaan, kandung
kemih
• Efek metabolik
glukoneogenesis, glikogenolisis,
hambat sekresi insulin, rangsang
glukagon, lipolisis
• Efek lainkeadaan
teraga/waspadaberpikir cepat
CATHECOLAMINE SYNTHESIS