SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

Held At
BSNL
Presentation on
GSM & CDMA
Network

Submitted by: ASHISH SHARMA

0713331021
ECE- VII A
Contents
• Basic Landline Architecture
• GSM-Introduction
• History of GSM
• Architecture
• Characteristics and features
• Applications
 BASIC LANDLINE ARCHITECTURE

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• IN cellular services there are two
main complementary network
technologies, global system for
mobile communication (GSM)
and code division multiple access
(CDMA).
What IS GSM
The full form of GSM is Global system for
Mobile Communication. GSM is one of
the most famous working standards for
mobile phones all over the world.

Over two billion people use the GSM services across

212 countries and
territories in the world. The utility
of GSM makes national and
international roaming very simple and
easy between mobile phone operators,
which enable users to use their cell
phone in various parts of the world.
 History Of GSM
: Developed by Group Spéciale Mobile (founded
1982)

: Aim : to replace the incompatible analog

system
 First GSM Launched
• 18years ago: the first produced GSM phone
• , Nokia launched the world's first commercially available
GSM digital phone, the Nokia 1011, the model number
coming from the launch date: 10 November 1992.
•
Nokia's 1011: GSM first
• The 475g 1011 was rather heavier than today's slimline
models. A lot of the weight came from the unit's nickel-
cadmium rechargeable battery, which yielded a low - by
today's standards - talk time of just 90 minutes. It could stay
operational for 12 hours in stand-by mode.
• The 195 x 60 x 45mm handset could hold 99 phone numbers
and the names of their owners, any of which could be
displayed on the 1011's two-line screen. There was no
colour, no camera, no Bluetooth, no memory card slot and
the handset had to have an extendible antenna. But it did
introduce one innovation that phone owners now use
without a second thought: text messaging.
GSM Frequency
Regions In World
 GSM System Architecture
• Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
• Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
 System Architecture
Mobile Station (MS)

The Mobile Station is made up of two entities:

1. Mobile Equipment (ME)

2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
 Cellular Architecture
BSC A
Abis HLR
VLR
Um

MSC PSTN
BSC
EIR

AuC

BTS

Mobile Base Station Network

Station Subsystem Subsystem

12
History And
Development Of CDMA
• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Assess) is
first used in military based communication
technology used during World War II by
English allies to Stop German attempts to
decode transmissions

• A Company named Qualcomm created

communications chips and designs for
CDMA technology and later claimed
patents on the technology.

• Claude Shannon and Robert Pierce had

provided CDMA framework in 1949.
 Why CDMA?

C ode
CDMA is extremely robust and
provides excellent audio quality

D ivision
M ultiple
A ccess
 How CDMA works
• 1 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
2.Time division multiple access (TDMA)
3.Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Thus CDMA is one access technology which cell

phones uses to transmit and receive data.. That
is FDMA puts each call on a separate frequency
and TDMA assigns each call a certain portion of
time on a designated frequency for the above
mentioned purpose. But CDMA gives a unique
code to each call and spreads it over the
available frequencies. All these are multiple
access systems because more than one user
can use the specified channel At the same Time.
Code Division Multiple Access
Principles

• Many voice channels

share the same
frequency band
• No timeslots; all channel
uses the same frequency
simultaneously all the
time
• Channels are
differentiated by its
code.
What is Multiple Access?
Multiple Access: Simultaneous private use of a
transmission medium by multiple,
independent users.

Transmission

Medium

Each pair of users enjoys a

dedicated, private circuit
through the transmission
medium, unaware that the
other users exist.
 Comparison
• TDMA of GSM.
The data transmission in TDMA is actually
not continuous. It occurs in bursts. But the
time between these bursts for a single
mobile phone user is very very short, so
that he never knows that the speech of the
other person is discontinuous!

But the CDMA system has a soft capacity

limit. That is increasing the number of
users will decreases the system
performance.( any comments Reliance
users..?..!!).
 GSM Ad/Dis
• Advantages of GSM:
• GSM is already used worldwide with over millions of
subscribers.
• International roaming permits subscribers to use one phone
throughout Western Europe. CDMA will work in Asia, but not
France, Germany, the U.K. and other popular European
destinations.
• GSM is mature. This maturity means a more stable network .
CDMA is still building its networks.

• Disadvantages of GSM:
• Lack of access to American market.
 CDMA Ad/Dis
• Advantages of CDMA include:
• Increased cellular communications
security.
• Smaller phones.
• Low power requirements.

• Disadvantages of CDMA include:

• CDMA is relatively new, and the network is
not as mature as GSM.
• CDMA cannot offer international roaming,
a large GSM advantage.
 
 Conclusion
In general I say both GSM and CDMA are frontier technologies
and both have good and bad qualities. And in the case of
mobile handsets the fact is that GSM handsets are very
popular and many of the new facilties are readily available in
GSM phones with lesser price. The reason is simple...nokia
and motorola needs profit...and they will invest more in GSM
because GSM has 8 times more users than CDMA.

GSM still holds the upper hand however. There's the numerical
advantage for one thing: 456 million GSM users versus
CDMA's 82 million
Thank You