SVC

UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA SALESIANA
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA
ELÉCTRICA
Dr. CARLOS GALLARDO
Campus Kennedy
Edificio Ingeniería Eléctrica DEPARTAMENTO DE
Av. Rafael Bustamante 450 y
Gonzalo Zaldumbide
INGENIERÍA ELÉCTRICA
Quito-Ecuador
Teléfono: (593-2) 3962919

TEMA :
(593-2) 3962920
carlos.gallardo@epn.edu.ec
STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR - SVC
Prof. Dr. Carlos Gallardo (Ph.D)
2015
STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR - SVC.
CONTENIDO
1: Analysis of SVC.
2: Configuration of SVC.
3: SVC Controller.
4: Voltage Regulator Design – Some Issues.
5: Harmonics and Filtering – Protection Aspects.
6: Modelling and Applications of SVC.

.
2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 2
CONTENIDO
1: Analysis of SVC.
3: SVC Controller.

.
Static Var Compensator.
It is a variable impedance device where the current through a

reactor is controlled using back to back connected thyristor
valves.
The application of thyristor valve technology to SVC is an offshoot
of the developments in HVDC technology.
Thyristor valves used in SVC are rated for lower voltages as the
SVC is connected to an EHV line through a step down transformer
or connected to the tertiary winding of a power transformer.

The application of SVC was initially for load compensation of fast

changing loads such as steel mills and arc furnaces. Here the
objective is to provide dynamic power factor improvement,
balance the currents on the source side whenever required. The
application for transmission line compensators commenced in
the late seventies. Here the objectives are:
• Increase power transfer in long lines
• Improve stability with fast acting voltage regulation
• Damp low frequency oscillations due to swing (rotor) modes
• Damp subsynchronous frequency oscillations due to torsional
modes
• Control dynamic overvoltages

A SVC has no inertia compared to synchronous condensers and

can be extremely fast in response (2-3 cycles). This enables the
fast control of reactive power in the control range.
The SVC is an excellent tool for achieving dynamic voltage control of power systems.

To obtain the overall control of the reactive power in a network,

thyristor controlled reactors and thyristor switched capacitors are
often combined with mechanically shunt reactors and capacitors,
controlled by the SVC.

These voltages demonstrate post fault stabilizing effect of an SVC.

Voltage Stabilisation.
This SVC has boosted power transmission capacity

by over 50 percent in a 230 kV system.
Post Fault Voltage Recoveries with a without SVC.

Voltage Stabilisation.
SVC for voltage stabilisation of a large pulsating load.

Problem 1.
A 280 km three-phase transmission line has a total series

impedance of j57 Ω and a total shunt admittance of j0.00093 S.
The line is feeding a 40 MW, 220 kV, 0.9 lagging power factor load,
and an SVC is connected at the load bus to guarantee that the
magnitude of the load voltage is 1 pu. If the line’s sending-end
voltage is 1 pu as well, and using an ABCD model of the line.
Determine the MVAR rating of the SVC.

Basic Static Var Compensator Schemes.



Problem 2.
The following example shows how the parameters of the SVC can
be determined. Assume the SVC comprising of FC, TCR and
transformer. The FC is directly connected to the 220 kV bus. The
TCR is delta connected to the 220 kV bus via a 60 MVA, 220/11.6
kV transformer with XK = 12%, the system voltage varies within
1±0.05% p.u.. The SVC rating is as follows:
QFC = 50 MVAR
QTCR = 60 MVAR

Problem 2.

An SVC can considerably improve grid reliability and availability.

Analysis of SVC.
Ideally, it should be located at the electrical centre of the system

or midpoint of a transmission line, consider a symmetric lossless
transmission line with SVC connected at the midpoint. Without
SVC, the voltage at the midpoint is given by:
δ Ɵ=βL L is the electrical length of the line, 𝛽 is the phase

V cos
Vmo = 2 constant given by β = ω lc = 2πf lc
θ Where Ɩ and c are positive sequence inductance and
cos capacitance of the line per unit length, f is the operating
2
frequency.

Analysis of SVC.
• Voltage variation in the line (due to variation in 𝛿) is maximum at the midpoint.

• SVC helps to limit the variation by suitable control.

Analysis of SVC.
SVC current is considered positive when SVC susceptance is inductive.
Steady-State L Limit
Control Range
A positive slope ( in the range of 1-5%)
is given in the control range to:
- Enable parallel operation of more
than one SVC connected at the same
BC Slope BL or neighboring buses and
- Prevent SVC hitting the limits
C Limit frequently.
ISVC = −BSVC VSVC

Analysis of SVC.
The steady state value of the SVC bus voltage is determined from the
intersection of the system characteristic and the control characteristic. The
system characteristic is a straight line with negative slope and is defined by:
VSVC = VTh − XTh ISVC
V Th and XTh are the Thevenin voltage

and reactance viewed from the SVC
bus.

Problem 3.
Consider a purely inductive power grid, the short-circuit complex power Scc = 10
pu, the voltage at the bus is 1.1 pu. Compute the voltage at this bus, if a Static
Var Compensator (SVC) is connected in parallel conenction with the following
voltage-current characteristic.

Analysis of SVC.
For this system, we have:
𝛿
𝑉 cos
2
𝑉𝑇ℎ = 𝑉𝑚𝑜 = Surge Impedance
𝜃
cos
2 𝑙
𝑍𝑛 =
𝑐
𝑍𝑛 𝜃
𝑋𝑇ℎ = tan
2 2

Expression for Voltage and Power.
a) Control Range: The SVC control range is described by:
VSVC = Vref + Xs ISVC
XS ∶ Slope of control characteristics

Vref = SVC voltage when ISVC = 0
VTh Xs Vref XTh

VSVC = Vm = +
Xs + XTh Xs + XTh

δ
Vm V sin
Power flow in the line: 2
P=
θ
Zn sin
2
With Vref = V then:
P = kP0 + 1 − k P1
δ
V2 sin δ V2 sin 2
P0 = P1 = θ
P0 P1
Zn sin θ Zn sin 2
Xs
k=
Xs + XTh

Remarks.
1. P0 is the power flow in the line without SVC and P1 is the power
flow in the line when SVC maintains a constant voltage V at the
midpoint (Xs = 0).
2. k→1 as Xs→∞
𝜃
3. For small values of 𝜃, it can be assumed that sin𝜃 ≃ 𝜃, sin ≃
2
𝜃 𝜃
, cos ≃ 1.
2 2
In this case
V2 V2 δ P0
P0 = sin δ P1 = 2 sin P1
XL XL 2
Where XL =(wl)d is the total reactance of the line (d is the length line)

b) At SVC limits: When the SVC hits the limit it can be represented
as a fixed susceptance (BSVC) where BSVC= BC at capacitive limit. At
the Inductive limit, BSVC = -BL.
δ
VTH V cos
2
VSVC = = θ
(1−XTh BsVC ) (1−XTh BsVC ) cos
2
The power flow in the line:
P0 V2 sin δ
P= =
(1−XTh BsVC ) Zn (1−XTh BsVC )sin Ɵ

Power Angle Curve for SVC.
The power angle curve for SVC is made up of 3 segments
corresponding to:
i) BSVC = -BL, With SVC

ii) Control range Power angle curve
iii) BSVC= BC
Without SVC
V2 sin δ
P =
Zn (1−XTh BsVC )sin Ɵ
Pn = Surge Impedance Load

Problem 4.
A three phase, 400 kV, 50 Hz, 900 km long line is operating with
VS= VR = V = 1:0 p.u. and 𝛿 = 60º. A SVC is planned to be
connected at the midpoint of the line to increase power transfer
capability. The limits on the control range correspond to 𝛿 = 30º
and 𝛿 = 90º.
(a) Find the limits of SVC susceptance if the slope (XS) of the control
characteristic is (i) 0.0 and (ii) 0.05 p.u.
(b) What is the maximum power flow in the line for the two cases:
(i) XS = 0.0 and
(ii) XS = 0:05
(Data : Zn = 300 ohms, 𝛽 = 0:06º/km).

CONTENIDO
1: Analysis of SVC.
3: SVC Controller.

.
Configuration of SVC.
There are two types of SVC:
1. Fixed Capacitor-Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR)

2. Thyristor Switched Capacitor – Thristor Controlled Reactor (TSC-
TCR)
The second type is more flexible than the first one and requires
smaller rating of the reactor and consequently generates less
harmonics.

Voltage Signal
Primary Side
Potential Transformer
SS
Provide QC
at fundamental
frequency
𝑑𝑖
Limit in a TSC it is necessary to provide a
𝑑𝑡
small reactor in series with the capacitor.
High Pass
Thyristor Switched Capacitor
Thyristor Controlled Reactor

Thyristor Switched Capacitor.
The TSC is switched in using two thyristor switches, at the instant in a cycle when
the voltage across valve is minimum and positive. This results in minimum
switching transients. In steady state, TSC does not generate any harmonics. To
switch off a TSC, the gate pulses are blocked and the thyristors turns off when the
current through them fall below the holding currents.

Thyristor Switched Capacitor.
It is to be noted that several pairs of thyristors are connected in series as the
voltage rating of a thyristor is not adequate for the voltage level required. However
the voltage ratings of a HVDC valve as a step down transformer is used in the case
of SVC.

Problem 5.
The following example shows how the simplified SVC model can be
used for determination of the SVC node voltage variation due to
small disturbance. Consider an SVC conneted to the power system
with the following data:
SVC:
Qrated = 180 MVAR
XSL = 2%
Tm = 0.003 s
T = 0.02 s
Td = 0.001 s
Power System:
SC = 1800 MVA

Problem 5.

Thyristor Controlled Reactor.
The current in a TCR can be continuously varied from zero, to

maximum, by phase control in which the firing angle 𝛼, is varied from
1800 to 900. The instantaneous current iTCR over half a cycle is given
by:
2V
iTCR = cos α − cos ωt , α < ωt < α + σ
XL
iTCR = 0 α + σ < ωt < α + π
V is the rms voltage applied, XL is the fundamental frequency reactance of the reactor.

The fundamental component of the TCR current, I1 is given by:
I1 = BTCR σ V
Donde:
σ − sin σ
BTCR =
πXL
The conduction angle σ is related to α by:
σ= 2 π−α

The current is non-sinusoidal and contains odd harmonics which are

functions of the conduction angle 𝜎.

Problem 2.
The voltage regulator of a SVC is designed for an ESCR of 2.0. If

the slope of the control characteristics is 0.05 p.u., determine
the transfer function of the regulator. If the operating value of
ESCR is 5.0, what is the response time (to reach 95% of the
¯nal value) and the steady state change in the SVC voltage if
Vref is increased by 0.05 p.u. Assume the system frequency to
be 50 Hz.

Problem 8.
Consider a three-phase system with a load, a capacitor and a

thyristor-controlled reactors (TCR) connected to the bus of the
three-phase electric power distribution. Capacitors + TCR are a
Static Voltage Compensator (SVC), whose mission is to provide
reactive power to improve the power factor of the system (load +
SVC). The reactive power supplied by the SVC is related to the size
of the capacitors and the firing angle (α) of the thyristors (TCR)
through which the effective reactance is adjusted (TCR).
For a line to line voltage of 690 V and 50 Hz, and a three-phase
load consumes reactive power that can vary between 1 and 2
MVAR:
a) Compute the size of the capacitor to ensure that always, there is
the necessary reactive power to compensate the reactive power
consumed by the load.

Problem 8.
b) Design L of the TCR for the SVC (TCR + capacitors), which can
always supply reactive power consumed by the load.

V 2 −2 cos α sin n − 1 α sin n + 1 α

In = ∗ sin nα + +
XL π π n−1 n+1
V 4 sin α cos nα − n cos α sin nα
In = ∗ , n = 2k
XL π n n2 − 1
1
∞ 2
Ih = ෍ In2 , n = 2k + 1
n=1
n = 12k ± 1





Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC).
v t = 2V sin ω0 t + α
n2
i t = 2IAC cos ω0 t + α − nBC VCO − 2 2V sin α sin ωn t − 2IAC cos α cos ωn t
n −1
1 XC 1
ωn 0nω0 = , n= , BC = ω0 C =
LC Xl XC
VBC BL VBC n2 1
IAC = = , BL =
BL − BC n2 − 1 XL
cos α = 0 ⇒ sin α = ±1
Vn2
VCO =± 2 2 = ± 2CC IAC
n −1

Switching Startegy 1.
VCO
α = sin−1
2V
Itr = a2 + b 2
n2
a = nBC VCO − 2 2V sin α
n −1
b = 2IAC cos α
2
VCO 1
Itr = IAC 1 − 1−
2V n2


cos α = 0
n2 − 1 VCO
Itr = n 2
− 1 IAC
n 2V

CONTENIDO
1: Analysis of SVC.
3: SVC Controller.

.
SVC Controller.

SVC Controller.
Bσ BC − BTCR BC − BTCR
BSVC =− =
BC − BTCR − Bσ 1 − BC − Btcr
Bσ
BC 2BC + BL
BSVC ≅ 1+ B − 1+ BTCR = C1 − C2 Btcr
Bσ C Bσ

SVC Controller.

SVC Controller.

SVC Controller.
1
Hm s =
1 + sTm

SVC Controller.
1
Hm s = 2
1 + 2sζTm + sTm
T
Td =
12
T
Tb =
4
1
KR =
XS
KR
TR =
KI

SVC Controller.

Control Instability and Gain Supervisor.
ΔVSVC ≅ XTh ΔBSVC
fr = fNp − fo

Susceptance Regulator (SR).

Supplementary Modulation Controller (SMC).

Speed of Response as Function of ESCR.
VTh
VSVC = ≅ VTh 1 + XTh ΔBSVC
1 − XTh ΔBSVC
ΔVSVC = VSVC − VTh = VTh XTh ΔBSVC = K N ΔBSVC
K N = VTh XTh


1 QSVC
K N ≅ XTh = =
ESCR SC

−Xs ΔISVC = Xs ΔBSVC = K I ΔBSVC
1 + sTC
GR s = K C
sTC
ΔVSVC s KN 1
Gc s = =
ΔVref s K N + K I 1 + sTω
2 K I + K Nmax
Tω = Tb
KI + KN
KN t
−T
ΔVSVC t = ΔVref 1 − e ω
KN + KI

Control Interaction with Network Resonance.

R + sL
ZTh s = 2
s LC + sRC + 1
VSD s ZDD s ZDQ s IRD s

=
VSQ s ZQD s ZQQ s IRQ s
ZTh s + jω0 + ZTh s − jω0

ZDD s = ZQQ s =
2
ZTh s + jω0 + ZTh s − jω0

ZQD s = ZDQ s =j = −Im ZTh s + jω0
2


VSD = VS sin θ, VSQ = VS cos θ
ΔVS = sin θ0 ΔVSD + cos θ0 ΔVSQ
IRQ = −IR sin θ, IRD = IR cos θ
ΔIRD s cos θ0 − sin θ0 cos θ0

= ΔIR s + IRo Δθ s = ΔIR s
ΔIRQ s − sin θ0 − cos θ0 − sin θ0
ΔVS s KN s
= ZQD s =
ΔIR s D s
K = ω0 L ω2n
D s = s + σ + j ω0 s + σ − j ω − ω0 ∗ s + σ + j ω + ω0
R R2 1
N s = s2 + 2 s + 2 + ω20 −
L L LC

R 1
σ= , ω= ω2n − σ2 , ωn =
2L LC
1
N s ≅ s2 + ω20 − = s 2 + ω20 − ω2n
LC
s = ± ω2n − ω20

Problem 3.
A voltage regulator with the transfer function GR(s) = ¡Ki s is used

to control the reactive current injected into the static
compensator bus. The plant (system) transfer function is given by
Eq. (3.57) (Note the gain is assumed to be negative as the
reactive current has opposite sign to that of the SVC
susceptance).
(a) Plot the root loci as Ki varies from zero to a high value
(b) Repeat (a) if a compensator with a transfer function given in
Eq. (3.62) is connected in cascade with the voltage regulator.

Problem 3.

Problem 3.

CONTENIDO
1: Analysis of SVC.
3: SVC Controller.

.
Harmonic Filters.
1
2 2 2
Z R f fr
= + −
Xr Xr fr f
X r f fr
ϕ = tan−1 −
R fr f
1 L
fr = , Xr =
2π LC C

Harmonic Filters.
Vn
Dn = , f = nf0
V1
N
1
THD = ෍ Vn2
V1
n=2
∞
2
IT = ෍ k fpf In
n=1

Harmonic Filters.
∞
1 2
TIF = ෍ k fpf Vn
V
n=1
V= ෍ Vn2
n=1

Harmonic Filters.
INh ZFh Z
= =
Ih ZFh + ZNh + jXtr ZNh + jXtr

Mathematical Model for the Investigation of Harmonic Stability.
T
x t = it vC is
x` t = A x t + B v t
Rt 1
− 0
Lt Lt
1 1 0
A = − 0 , B = 0
C C 1
1 Rs
0 − −
Ls Ls
x ` t = PA x t + PB v t
0 0 0
P = 0 1 0
0 0 1



σ1 σ1
g x0 , t 0 = exp PA T1 − exp A
ω ω
σ1
ω T1
x0 + න e−As Bv s + t 0 ds + න ePA T1 −s PBv s + t 0 ds
σ1
0
ω
f x0 , t 0 , t h = g g x 0 , t 0 , t h
σ1
it t 0 + =0
ω
σ2
it t h + =0
ω
f x0 , t 0 , t h = x 0
σ σ σ σ
PA T2 −ω A ω2 PA T1 − ω1 A ω1
Df x0 , t 0 , t h = e Pe e Pe

Protection Aspects.

Protection Aspects.

Protection Aspects.

Voltage Ratings and Protection.
2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 87 87

CONTENIDO
1: Analysis of SVC.
3: SVC Controller.

.
Modelling of SVC.
𝑌 𝑉=𝐼
Steady State Model of SVC
Ê𝑆𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∠𝜙𝑆𝑉𝐶
𝑋𝑆𝑉𝐶 = 𝑋𝑠
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
< 𝑉𝑆𝑉𝐶 <
1 + 𝑋𝑠 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 + 𝑋𝑠 𝐵𝑚𝑖𝑛
1
Ê𝑆𝑉𝐶 = 0.0 + 𝑗0.0 𝑋𝑆𝑉𝐶 = −
𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥
1
Ê𝑠𝑣𝑐 = 0.0 + 𝑗0.0 𝑋𝑆𝑉𝐶 = −
𝐵𝑚𝑖𝑛

Modelling of SVC.

Modelling of SVC.
` −Ê
Veq SVC
ÎSVC =
Zeq + jXSVC

Modelling of SVC.
a tan2 ϕSVC + b tan ϕSVC + c = 0
a = x 2 − z 2 sin2 α ,
b = −2xy,
c = y 2 − z 2 sin2 α
`
x = Re 1 − Â Veq
y = Im 1 − Â Veq
z = Â Vref
Zeq
Â = A∠α =
Zeq + jXSVC

SVC

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UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA SALESIANA

Dr. CARLOS GALLARDO

Teléfono: (593-2) 3962919

Prof. Dr. Carlos Gallardo (Ph.D)

4: Voltage Regulator Design – Some Issues.

5: Harmonics and Filtering – Protection Aspects.

6: Modelling and Applications of SVC.

4: Voltage Regulator Design – Some Issues.

5: Harmonics and Filtering – Protection Aspects.

6: Modelling and Applications of SVC.

It is a variable impedance device where the current through a

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 4

The application of SVC was initially for load compensation of fast

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 5

A SVC has no inertia compared to synchronous condensers and

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 6

To obtain the overall control of the reactive power in a network,

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 7

These voltages demonstrate post fault stabilizing effect of an SVC.

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 8

This SVC has boosted power transmission capacity

Post Fault Voltage Recoveries with a without SVC.

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 9

SVC for voltage stabilisation of a large pulsating load.

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 10

A 280 km three-phase transmission line has a total series

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 11

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 12

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 13

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 14

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 15

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 16

An SVC can considerably improve grid reliability and availability.

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 17

Ideally, it should be located at the electrical centre of the system

δ Ɵ=βL L is the electrical length of the line, 𝛽 is the phase

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 18

• Voltage variation in the line (due to variation in 𝛿) is maximum at the midpoint.

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 19

SVC current is considered positive when SVC susceptance is inductive.

ISVC = −BSVC VSVC

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 20

VSVC = VTh − XTh ISVC

V Th and XTh are the Thevenin voltage

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 21

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 22

For this system, we have:

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 23

a) Control Range: The SVC control range is described by:

VSVC = Vref + Xs ISVC

XS ∶ Slope of control characteristics

VTh Xs Vref XTh

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 24

With Vref = V then:

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 25

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 26

The power flow in the line:

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 27

i) BSVC = -BL, With SVC

Pn = Surge Impedance Load

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 28

2015 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana "Dr. Carlos Gallardo" 29

4: Voltage Regulator Design – Some Issues.