Construction

Materials
and
Testing
What is it?

Materials science and engineering (MSE) is an

interdisciplinary field of science and engineering that
studies and manipulates the composition and structure of
materials across length scales to control materials
properties through synthesis and processing.

The term composition means the chemical make-up of a

material. The term structure means a description of the
arrangement of atoms, as seen at different levels of
detail.
What is it?

The term “synthesis” refers to how materials are made

from naturally occurring or man-made chemicals. The term
“processing” means how materials are shaped into useful
components to cause changes in the properties of
different materials.
Material Science
vs. Material Engineer

In materials science, the emphasis is on the underlying relationships

between the synthesis and processing, structure, and properties of
materials. In materials engineering, the focus is on how to translate
or transform materials into useful devices or structures.
Materials Science
and Engineering Tetrahedron

The traditional materials science tetrahedron emphasizes the

interdisciplinary research on materials structure, processing,
properties and performance. The systems materials
engineering triangle illustrates the importance of system-level
planning of the research efforts starting from individual
components and followed by interface optimization.
Materials Science

and

Engineering Tetrahedron
 Naturally occurring materials:
STONE AGE
Special Rocks, woods, skins.

BRONZE AGE Casting and forging

High temperature furnaces and strong
Timeline of IRON AGE materials
STEEL AGE High strength alloys
Materials and Tech NON-FERROUS Aluminium, Titanium and Nickel (super
AND POLYMER AGE alloys) – aerospace
Silicon – Information
Plastics and Composites – food
preservation, housing, aerospace and higher
speeds
Classification
of
Materials
Metals
and
Alloys
Metals and alloys include steels, aluminum, magnesium, zinc, cast iron, titanium,
copper, and nickel. An alloy is a metal that contains additions of one or more
metals or non-metals. In general, metals have good electrical and thermal
conductivity. Metals and alloys have relatively high strength, high stiffness,
ductility or formability, and shock resistance. They are particularly useful for
structural or load-bearing applications. Although pure metals are occasionally
used, alloys provide improvement in a particular desirable property or permit
better combinations of properties.
Ceramics
Ceramics can be defined as inorganic crystalline materials. Beach
sand and rocks are examples of naturally occurring ceramics.
Traditional ceramics are used to make bricks, tableware, toilets,
bathroom sinks, refractories (heat-resistant material), and abrasives.
Ceramics are strong and hard, but also very brittle but they have
exceptional strength under compression.
 Glass is an amorphous material, often, but not always, derived
from a molten liquid. The term “amorphous” refers to
materials that do not have a regular, periodic arrangement of
atoms Glasses are also used in houses, cars, computer and
Glasses and television screens, and hundreds of other applications. Glasses
can be thermally treated (tempered) to make them stronger.
Forming glasses and nucleating (forming) small crystals within
Glass-Ceramics them by a special thermal process creates materials that are
known as glass-ceramics. Zerodur™ is an example of a glass-
ceramic material that is used to make the mirror substrates
for large telescopes. Glasses and glass-ceramics are usually
processed by melting and casting.
Polymers
Polymers are typically organic materials. They are produced using a
process known as polymerization. Polymeric materials include rubber
(elastomers) and many types of adhesives. Polymers typically are good
electrical and thermal insulators although there are exceptions such as
the semiconducting polymers discussed earlier in this chapter.
Semiconductors
Silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide-based
semiconductors such as those used in computers and
electronics are part of a broader class of materials
known as electronic materials. The electrical
conductivity of semiconducting materials is between
that of ceramic insulators and metallic conductors.
Semiconductors have enabled the information age.
Composite
Materials
The main idea in developing composites is to
blend the properties of different materials. These
are formed from two or more materials,
producing properties not found in any single
material. Concrete, plywood, and fiberglass are
examples of composite materials. Fiberglass is
made by dispersing glass fibers in a polymer
matrix. The glass fibers make the polymer stiffer,
without significantly increasing its density.
Functional
Classification
of Materials
Aerospace
Light materials such as wood and an
aluminum alloy (that accidentally
strengthened the engine even more by
picking up copper from the mold used
for casting) were used in the Wright
brothers’ historic flight. Today, NASA’s
space shuttle makes use of aluminum
powder for booster rockets. Aluminum
alloys, plastics, silica for space shuttle
tiles, and many other materials belong to
this category.
Biomedical
Our bones and teeth are made, in part,
from a naturally formed ceramic known
as hydroxyapatite. A number of artificial
organs, bone replacement parts,
cardiovascular stents, orthodontic braces,
and other components are made using
different plastics, titanium alloys, and
nonmagnetic stainless steels. Ultrasonic
imaging systems make use of ceramics
known as PZT (lead zirconium titanate).
Magnets used for magnetic resonance
imaging make use of metallic niobium
tin-based superconductors.
 Electronic
Materials
As mentioned before, semiconductors, such
as those made from silicon, are used to
make integrated circuits for computer chips.
Barium titanate (BaTiO3), tantalum oxide
(Ta2O5), and many other dielectric
materials are used to make ceramic
capacitors and other devices.
Superconductors are used in making
powerful magnets. Copper, aluminum, and
other metals are used as conductors in
power transmission and in microelectronics.
Energy and
Environmental
Tech
The nuclear industry uses materials such
as uranium dioxide and plutonium as
fuel. Numerous other materials, such as
glasses and stainless steels, are used in
handling nuclear materials and managing
radioactive waste.
 Magnetic
Materials
Computer hard disks make use of many
ceramic, metallic, and polymeric materials.
Computer hard disks are made using alloys
based on cobalt-platinum-tantalum-
chromium (Co-Pt-Ta-Cr) alloys. Many
magnetic ferrites are used to make
inductors and components for wireless
communications. Steels based on iron and
silicon are used to make transformer
cores.
 Photonic or
Optical
Materials
Silica is used widely for making optical
fibers. More than ten million kilometers of
optical fiber have been installed around
the
world. Optical materials are used for
making semiconductor detectors and lasers
used in fiber
optic communications systems and other
applications.
 Smart
Materials
A smart material can sense and respond
to an external stimulus such as a change
in temperature, the application of a stress,
or a change in humidity or chemical
environment. Usually a smart material-
based system consists of sensors and
actuators that read changes and initiate
an action.
 Structural
Materials
These materials are designed for carrying
some type of stress. Steels, concrete, and
composites are used to make buildings
and bridges. Steels, glasses, plastics, and
composites also are used widely to make
automotives. Often in these applications,
combinations of strength, stiffness, and
toughness are needed under
different conditions of temperature and
loading.
Classification CRYSTALLINE
The material’s atoms are
arranged in a periodic fashion

of Materials Crystalline materials may be

SINGLE CRYSTALS in the form of one crystal

Based on POLYCRYSTALLINE
Others consist of
crystals or grains.
many

The arrangement of the

Structure AMORPHOUS material’s atoms does not have
long-range order.
 Environmental
and Other
Effects
The structure-property relationships in
materials fabricated into components are often
influenced by the surroundings to which the
material is subjected during use. This can
include exposure to high or low temperatures,
cyclical stresses, sudden impact, corrosion, or
oxidation. These effects must be accounted for
in design to ensure that components do
not fail unexpectedly.
 Temperature
Changes in temperature dramatically alter the
properties of materials. Metals and alloys that have
been strengthened by certain heat treatments or
forming techniques may suddenly lose their strength
when heated.

High temperatures change the structure of ceramics

and cause polymers to melt or char. Very low
temperatures, at the other extreme, may cause a
metal or polymer to fail in a brittle manner, even
though the applied loads are low.
 Corrosion
Most metals and polymers react with oxygen or
other gases, particularly at elevated temperatures.
Metals and ceramics may disintegrate and polymers
and non-oxide ceramics may oxidize. Materials also
are attacked by corrosive liquids, leading to
premature failure. The engineer faces the challenge of
selecting materials or coatings
that prevent these reactions and permit operation in
extreme environments. In space applications, we may
have to consider the effect of radiation.
 Fatigue
In many applications, components must be
designed such that the load on the material
may not be enough to cause permanent
deformation. When we load and unload the
material thousands of times, even at low
loads, small cracks may begin to develop, and
materials fail as these cracks grow. This is
known as fatigue failure. In designing load-
bearing components, the possibility of fatigue
must be accounted for.
 Strain Rate
Many of you are aware of the fact that Silly
Putty®, a silicone-(not silicon-) based plastic,
can be stretched significantly if we pull it
slowly (small rate of strain). If you pull it fast
(higher rate of strain), it snaps. A similar
behavior can occur with many metallic
materials. Thus, in many applications, the level
and rate of strain have to be considered.
Materials Design
and Selection
When a material is designed for a given application, a
number of factors must be considered. The material
must acquire the desired physical and mechanical
properties, must be capable of being processed or
manufactured into the desired shape, and must provide
an economical solution to the design problem.
Satisfying these requirements in a manner that
protects the environment—perhaps by encouraging
recycling of the materials—is
also essential.