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2.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS AND

DESIGN

Statics of structural supports

NOR AZAH BINTI AZIZ

TA027
KOLEJ MATRIKULASI TEKNIKAL KEDAH
 TYPES OF FORCES
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i) External Forces
- actions of other bodies on the structure
under consideration.
- are classified as;
i) applied forces(loads)
- e.g live loads and wind loads
- able to move the structure
- usually known in the analysis
ii) reaction forces(reactions)
- the forces exerted by the support on the structure
 TYPES OF FORCES
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ii) Internal Forces

- forces and couples exerted on a member
or portion of the structure by the rest
of the structure.
- Internal forces always occur in equal but
opposite pairs
 SUPPORT REACTIONS
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Support reactions Constraints Type and direction

of forces produced
If a support prevents translation
of a body in a given direction,
a force is developed on the body
in that direction. The connection
point on the bar
can not move
downward.
 SUPPORT REACTIONS
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Constraints Type and direction Constraints Type and direction of

of forces produced forces produced

The joint can not The support

move in vertical prevents
and horizontal translation in
directions. vertical and
horizontal
directions and also
rotation,
Hence a couple
moment is
developed on the
body in that
direction as well.
 TYPES OF LOADING
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 A beam may be loaded in a variety of ways. For

the analysis purpose it may be splitted in three
categories:

i) Concentrated or point load

ii) Distributed load
 Uniformly distributed load
 Uniformly varying load
iii) Couple
 TYPES OF LOADING
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i) Concentrated load:
 A concentrated load is
the one which acts over
so small length that it is
assumed to act at a
point.
 Practically, a point load
can not be places as
knife edge contact but
for calculation purpose
we consider that load is
being transmitted at a
point.
 Figure represents point
loading at points A and
B.
 TYPES OF LOADING
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ii) Distributed load:  Such loads are

measured by their
intensity which is
expressed by the force
per unit distance along
the axis of the beam.
 Figure represents
 A distributed load acts distributed loading
over a finite length of the between point A and B.
beam.
 TYPES OF LOADING
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a)) Uniformly Distributed  Such loads are

load(UDL)
 A uniformly distributed
 Figure represents
load implies a constant
intensity of loading (w).
measured by their
intensity which is
expressed by the force
per unit distance along
the axis of the beam.
distributed loading
between point A and B.

 Figure represents a
U.D.L. between points A
and B.
 TYPES OF LOADING
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ii) Uniformly Varying  where k is the rate of change

load(triangularly distributed load): of the loading intensity, w0
being the loading at the
reference point.
 Such a loading is also known
as triangularly distributed
load. Figure represents such
a loading between points A
 A uniformly varying load implies and B. Sometimes, the
that the intensity of loading distributed loading may be
increases or decreases at a parabolic, cubic or a higher
constant rate along the length. order curve for non-uniformly
 w = w0 = k . x varying load i.e.,
 w = w0 + k1x +k2x2 (Parabolic)
 w = w0 + k1x + k2x2 + k3x3
(Cubic) and so on.
 TYPES OF LOADING
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ii) Couple  Note:

In general, the load may
be a combination of
various types of
loadings.

 A beam may also b

subjected to a couple ‘µ’ at
any point. As shown in
figure.
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Free body diagram

considering supports:

Example:
Draw the FBD for the
Following beam
(the trusses are imposing
the same forces on the
beam):
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Solution:
A pin can be considered for left
support (A); no motion in 2
directions,
A roller can be considered for
right support (B); no vertical
motion,
Weight of the beam is generally
neglected (when not mentioned
and) when it is small compared
to the load the beam supports.
FBD:
Replace each truss with force F:
(FA)y F F F (FB)y
a b c d

(FA)x
 POINT LOAD

Types Of Load
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POINT LOAD

A B

RAY RBY

UNIFORM LY
DISTRIBUTED LOAD

A B

RAY RBY
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The diagram shows shear force and bending

moment diagram
 Example
10 kN
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2m
A C B

4m

5 5
+VE
0
0 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
-VE
5 5

10

+VE
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
0 0
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Calculation of
Reaction Force,
Shear Force and
Bending Moment
 Example 1
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10kN

RAx

RAy 2m 2m RBy

Determine reaction RAy and RBy:

MA = 0 RBy(4) – 10(2) =0
4 RBy = 20
RBy = 20 = 5kN
4

Fy = Fy  RBy + RAy = 10kN

RAy = 10 – 5 = 5kN
 Example 1
10kN
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RAx

RAy 2m 2m RBy

Determine shear force at A, C and B:

At A, VA = 5 = 5kN
At C, VC = 5 – 10 = -5kN
At B, VB = 5 – 10= -5kN

Determine bending moment at A, C and B

At A, MA = 5(0) = 0kNm
At C, MC = 5(2) – 10(0) =10kNm
At B, MB = 5(4) -10(2) + 5(0) = 0kNm
 Example 1
10kN
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RAx

RAy 2m 2m RBy

5 5

+ve
SFD (kN) 0 0

-ve
5 5

10

+ve
BMD (kNm) 0 0
 Example 2
P 10kN Q

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0

Ray = 15kN
1m 1m 1m 1m
RBy = 25kN
MC = 0
M = M
15(1) + 10(1) + Q(2) = 25(3)
15 + 10 + 2Q = 75
2Q = 75 – 25
= 50
2
= 25kN
Fy  = Fy
P + 10 + Q = 15 + 25
P = 15 + 25 – 10 – 25
P = 5kN
 Example 2
22 P 10kN Q

Ray = 15kN RBy = 25kN

1m 1m 1m 1m

Determine shear force at A, C and B:

At A,
VA = 15kN
At C,
VC = 15 – 5 = 10kN
At D,
VD = 15 – 5 – 10 = 0kN
At E,
VE = 15 – 5 – 10 – 25 = -25kN
At B,
VB = 15 – 5 – 10 – 25 = -25kN
 Example 2
P 10kN Q

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0

Ray = 15kN RBy = 25kN

1m 1m 1m 1m

Determine bending moment at A, C and B

At A,
MA = 15(0) = 0kNm
At C,
MC = 15(1) – 5(0) = 15kNm
At D,
MD = 15(2) – 5(1) – 10(0) = 25kNm
At E,
MD = 15(3) – 5(2) – 10(1) – 25(0) = 25kNm
At B,
MB = 15(4) – 5(3) – 10(2) – 25(1) + 25(0) = 0kNm
 Example 2
P 10kN Q

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0

Ray = 15kN RBy = 25kN

1m 1m 1m 1m

15 15

10
+ve
SFD (kN) 0 0

-ve

25 25
25 25
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+ve

BMD (kNm) 0 0
 Example 3 w kN/m

A B

25 L

w kN/m

RAx

RAy L/2 RBy

L

Equilibrium of forces;
 Fx = 0 RAx = 0
 Fy = 0 RAy + RBy - wL = 0
RAy + RBy = wL
Equilibrium of moments;
 MA = 0 RBy(L) – wL(L/2) =0
RBy(L) – wL2/2 = 0
RBy = wL/2

RAy + wL/2 = wL
RAy = wL/2
 Example 3 A B

L/2w kN/m L/2

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wL/2

SFD (kN) 0 +ve 0

-ve

wL2 wL/2
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BMD (kNm) 0 0

 Mx = 0 Mx + wx(x) – wL(x) =0
2 2
Mx + wx2 – wLx =0
2 2
Mx = wx(L-x) = 0
2
When x = L/2 M = wL2
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 Example 4
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8 kN/m

5m

Solution:
P = wL
= 8kN/m x 5m
= 40kN
RAy = RBy = 40/2
= 20kN
 Example 4
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40 kN/m

RAx

RAy RBy
2.5m 2.5m

Determine shear forces at A, mid span (C) and B

At A,  FA = 20kN
At mid span (2.5m),  F2.5 = 20 – 8(2.5) = 0kN
At B,  FB = 20 – 8(5) = -20kN
 Example 4 40 kN/m

RAx

29 RAy RBy
2.5m 2.5m

Determine bending moments at A, 1m, 2m, 2.5m, 3m, 4m and at B

At A,
 MA = 20(0) = 0 kNm
At 1,
 M1 = 20(1) – 8(1)(0.5) = 20 – 4 = 16kNm
At 2,
 M2 = 20(2) – 8(2)(1) = 40 – 16 = 24kNm
At mid span (2.5m),
 M2.5 = 20(2.5) – 8(2.5)(1.25) = 50 – 25 = 25kNm
At 3,
 M3 = 20(3) – 8(3)(1.5) = 60 – 36 = 24kNm
At 4,
 M4 = 20(4) – 8(4)(2) = 80 – 64 = 16kNm
At B,
 MB = 20(5) – 8(5)(2.5) = 100 – 100 = 0kNm
  Free Body Diagram (FBD)

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  Equilibrium Conditions

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  Calculate Support reactions

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 SHEAR FORCE
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

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 BENDING MOMENT
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

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 Simply supported beam with
point load at center

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 Simply supported beam with
eccentric load

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