M.Eng.

(Communication & Computer)

KT6123

Telecommunication
Network

Course Details
Semester 1, 2009-2010

Mahamod Ismail
Prof. Madya Dr Mahamod Ismail
 Lecturer in UKM since 1987.
 Diploma - UTM (Electrical Communication), 1981
 BSc. – Univ of Strathclyde (Electronics & Electrical) ,UK, 1985
 MSc – UMIST, Manchester (Communication Eng. & Digital Electronics),
1987
 PhD – Univ of Bradford, Mobile Communication, 1996
 Research Area – Mobile Communication & Wireless Networking
 Team Engineer, Tiungsat, 1997-98, Uni. of Surrey, U.K.
 Guest Professor, University Duisburg Essen, Germany , 2002
 Currently: Coordinator UKM Mercator Office, Fac. of Eng. UKM
 Email: mahamod@eng.ukm.my, dr_mbi@yahoo.com
 Telephone: 019-3275425, 03-89216191/6322

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 Syllabus – Program Booklet
KT6123 – TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK
Switching system engineering: Types of public switched network. Switching
system: circuit, store and forward, packet. Numbering, routing system and
charging. Subscriber function. Telephone system basic requirement.
Telephone equipment characteristics. Local circuit and hybrid transformation.
Dialing system: decadic and DTMF. Subscriber and group switching. Analog
and digital switching. Switching: Strowger, cross-bar and time and space.
Digital analysis. Controlling sections. Stored Programmable Controlled
exchange. Signaling: subscriber, line and register. Transmission system: FDM
and PCM 30/32 channel. CCITT, CCIR function in switching planning. Digital
Network: ISDN, SDH. Teletraffic Engineering: telephone traffic performance.
Teletraffic and queuing theory. Delay and loss system, Grade of service.
Erlang and Bernoulli distribution. Broadband network: ATM and B-ISDN.
Intelligent network.

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Course Outline
 Introduction
 Transmission
 Multiplexing and Hierarchy
 Switching
 Telecommunication Traffics
 Switching Network
 Signaling
 Services

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References
1. J.E.Flood, Telecommunications Switching, Traffic and Networks, Prentice
Hall, 1994
2. E.H. Jolley, Introduction to Telephony and Teleplay, Pittman Publication.
3. Schwartz, M., Telecommunication Networks Protocols, Modelling &
Analysis, Addison-Wesley
4. Clarke, M.P., Network & Telecommunications: Design & Operation, Wiley

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Evaluation
 2 Assignments 30%
 Midterm exam 20%
 Quiz 10%
 Final exam 40%

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Assignment 1
 Report
 Format 1
 Content 5
 Discussion/Conclusion 2
 References 2
 Presentation 5

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KT6123
M.Eng. (Communication & Computer)
KT6123

Telecommunication
Network

Introduction
Semester 1, 2006

Mahamod Ismail
Introduction
 Tele/communications
- The process of transmitting a message between two remote
locations.
- Message - could be Voice, Music, Textual, Pictorial (graph,
diagram, image, etc.) or moving image (video).
 Recently we have a better proportion of data communications
links and speech is being converted into digital forms as well
as “data” will eventually be conveyed more naturally in these
digital forms.
 The purpose of telecommunications is to convey information
from one location to another.
 Data : Precise communication
 Voice : More convenient to convey information, that’s why voice
communication has predominated for over a century
 The telephone network, until the last decade, was almost
entirely analog

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Introduction

Communication

Telecommunication
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 Introduction
 Broadband :
 is a technique where the data to be transmitted is sent using a
carrier signal, such as a sinusoidal wave. Many different
frequency carrier signal can be transmitted simultaneously, more
than one signal can be sent on the same wire.
 Baseband :
 a single data signal is transmitted directly on a wire. The data is
transmitted directly on the wire using positive and negative voltages.
RS-232 interface is an example of baseband transmission.
 A baseband signal
 is an information signal that has not undergone the modulation
process.
 represents voice, data, or video information signal.
 must be band-limited before being used to modulate a carrier signal.

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 Introduction
 When data (or any other signal) is to be conveyed outside one’s
place, this involves the modulation of the broadband signal onto a
carrier frequency, either by
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 or Combination of the ASK and PSK (QPSK, /4-PSK, DQPSK)

 In baseband signal recently, speech is being conveyed by Pulse

Code Modulation (PCM)
 The standard digital voice channel that available in today has a
capacity of 64 Kbps, or a multiplexed of 1.544Mbps [T1],
2.048Mbps [E1]

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 Telecommunication System

Transmitter Transmission Channel Receiver

Input Transducer Air, Free Space Output Transducer

Encoder Copper Cable Decoder
Modulator Optical Fiber Demodulator
Amplifier Amplifier
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 Telecommunication System

Information
Information signal output
signal input

Modulator/ Transmission Demodulator/

Encoder Decoder
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Free-space loss
Reflection
Refraction
scattering
Multipath
Diffraction
Shadowing
Noise
Interference

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 Telecommunication System
 Transducer : transform one form of Energy into another
 eg. Sound Electrical
 Transmitter : amplifies and processes the electrical replica of message for
transmission
 Receiver : amplifies and processes the received elctrical signal in reverse
manner to recover the original message
 Transmission Channel : a path connecting Transmitter [Tx] to Receiver
[Rx], which is characterized by attenuation
 Factors involve in a communication system:
 Type of information (data, text, graphic, voice, music, multimedia, etc.)
 Information format (analog, discrete, digital, random, deterministic, periodic
etc.)
 Transmission speed (low, medium, high, etc.)
 Transmission medium (wired, wireless)
 Transmission distance (short, medium, long)
 Modulation techniques (AM, PM, ASK, PSK, GMSK, PCM, OFDM, etc.)
 Error control (BCD, Gray, Morse, ASCII, FEC, cyclic, etc.)

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Telecommunication System

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 Transmission Mode
 Simplex transmission
 Only one way communication

 Half duplex transmission

 Two ways communication, but one at a time; not
simultaneously

 Full duplex transmission

 Simultaneously in both directions

 Unicast, Multicast, Anycast, Broadcast

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Half Duplex versus Full-Duplex

Half-duplex: M odems transmit in both directions, only one direction at a time.

Local PC to remote PC transmission
Local PC Remote PC
transmits receives

Turnaround
time

Local PC Remote PC
receives transmits

Remote PC to local PC transmission

Full-duplex: M odems transmit in both directions simultaneously

Local PC to remote PC transmission
Local PC Remote PC
transmits receives
and and
receives transmits
Remote PC to local PC transmission
GOLDMAN: DATACOMM 18
FIG.02-22 KT6123
Modes of transmission
 Asynchronous
 Each character is considered a unit of information
 All timing and error checking is included within it
 Synchronous
 Information is sent as a block of data
 Control and error checking information is added to each
block

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Asynchronous versus Synchronous
Asynchronous transmission

1000011 1010101 1010010 1010100

modem Stop bit Start bit modem

Characteristics: Efficiency (1000 character transmission)

Data is sent one character at a time
Each character has a start and 1, 1.5, or 2 stop bits
Synchronization is reestablished for each character
Time between character is unsynchronized and of
random length
Control / overhead bits: 1 start and stop bits per
character
2 control bits per character x 1000 characters = 2000
control bits
7000 data bits / 9000 total bits = 77.7% efficient

Synchronous transmission

1000011101010110100101010100
modem Synchronization character modem

Characteristics: Efficiency (1000 character transmission)

Data is sent as a block of uninterrupted characters
Synchronization characters precede and follow the
data block
The data block may be 1000 uninterrupted characters
Synchronization is maintained whether data is
actually being sent and detected or not
Modems remain synchronized during idle time
Control / overhead bits: 48 total control bits per block
using HDLC
48 control bits per block x 1 block = 48 control bits
7000 data bits / 7048 total bits = 99.3% efficient
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Asynchronous Transmission
 Each character is sent independent of the next (or
previous character sent)
 Before each character is a START bit
 Time between each character is not constant
 Requires control bits for each character sent (for
error checking)
 At the end of each character is a STOP bit
 At least 3 of 9 bits (for a 7 bit code) sent are not
information but overhead. Hence this is inefficient

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 Synchronous Transmission
 Information is transmitted in a block of bits
 Each block is preceded by a sequence of bits called
a preamble
 Each block ends with a sequence of bits called a
postamble
 Control bits are added to allow error checking
 The data plus preamble plus postamble plus control
information is called a Frame.
 Much more efficient as compared to Asynchronous
transmission
 More complex and expensive to implement than
Asynchronous
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Serial versus Parallel Transmission
 Serial mode
 Message is sent one bit at a time

Sender |0|1|0|1|1|0|1|1| Receiver

 Parallel mode
 Each character is sent over Receiver
a different wire, simultaneously
 The size of messages depends on its context
 Credit card authorization = 1000 bits

 One page typed memo = 15000 bits

 One second of digital voice = 56000 bits |0|1|0|1|1|0|1|1|

 One second of Full motion video = 100 million bits Sender
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Transmission Topology

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Transmission Topology

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 Transmission Topology

As the area covered by a star network

and the number of stations served by
it grow, line costs increase and it then
economic to divide the network into
several smaller network served by its
own exchange

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PSTN Topology

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PSTN
 Transmission links/nodes
 Customer nodes
 Switching nodes
 Transmission nodes
 Service nodes
 Subsystem
 Transmission systems
 Switching systems
 Signalling system

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Telecommunication Standard

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Telecommunication Network
 Bearer Service
provides a "transport system" for
exchanging information
 Tele-services
complete…
includes functions for connection, and
a uniform "language" for
communication and for shaping the
messages conveyed

Example: two telephones talk to each

other via telephone network
Also, Voice/Data/Text/Image etc

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Typical Network Services
 PSTN(Public Switched Telephone Network)
 PLMN(Public Land Mobile Network)
 PSPDN(Packet Switched Public Data Network)
 ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network)
 Frame Relay
 Signaling Network(CAS/CCS)
 Internet
 IN(Intelligence Network)

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 Network Services

Teleservices – depend on particular terminal apparatus e.g. telephone,

teleprinter
Bearer Services – transmission capacity that can be used for any desired
function e.g. private circuit

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Network Services

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More About WANs
 Virtual private networks (VPNs):
 A private network configured within a public network
 Can be built on top of the Internet
 Service offered by the telephone companies and ISPs

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 Value added networks (VANs):
 Public data networks that “add value” by transmitting data
and by providing access to commercial databases and
software
 Use packet switching
 Subscription based
 Often used in electronic data interchange (EDI) systems

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 Public switched data network technologies (PSDN)
 Data flows through a public network managed by a
telecommunications carrier
 Most common technologies:
 ISDN (integrated service digital network)

 X.25

 Frame relay

 Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)

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 (example of Frequency Modulation)

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ASK/FSK/PSK

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Sending Multiple Bits
Simultaneously
Each of the three modulation techniques can be
refined to send more than one bit at a time. It is
possible to send two bits on one wave by defining
four different amplitudes.
This technique could be further refined to send three
bits at the same time by defining 8 different amplitude
levels or four bits by defining 16, etc. The same
approach can be used for frequency and phase
modulation.

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Sending Multiple Bits
Simultaneously

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Hybrid Amplitude and Phase
modulation
 QAM : Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
 represents 4 bits per baud (I.e. V = 16)

90o
135o
45o 8 phase changes
2 different amplitude
levels
180o 0o
Therefore V = 16

225o 315o

KT6123 Used in ITU V.32 modems

270o 41
Digital Encoding of Analog
Signals (PCM)
 Concept:
 Take samples of analog signal. To each sample - assign a
code. Then transmit that code (digital signal).
 If we sample at the rate of twice the bandwidth of the
channel then the resulting digital signal contains all the
information in the original analog signal - Nyquist’s theorem
(1924)

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PCM - Pulse Code Modulation

Samples

time

Each is assigned a
n bit binary code

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PCM
 Transmitting an analog signal over a digital network
(eg. Voice on telephone n/w)
 Each signal is sampled 8000 times per second
 Each sample is converted to a 7 bit code
 1 bit is added for control information
 there are 128 different such codes (27)
 The digital signal is then transmitted at 64,000 = 64 Kbps =
8*8000

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Differential PCM
 Voice signals do not change extremely rapidly
 Changes of more than +/- 16 levels between samples is
very rare
 Hence use just 5 bits instead of 7 to represent each
sample
 If signal jumps very widely then several samples are
needed to “catch up”

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Delta Modulation
 Voice signals do not change very rapidly
 Transmit only one bit at each sample (indicating a +1 or -
1) to indicate whether the signal is increasing or
decreasing.
 Amplitude of next sample differs from previous one by 1
unit (either +1 or -1).
 If very rapid changes take place then the coding takes a
while to “catch up”

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Problems (Delta Modulation)
Samples cannot keep up with rapidly
changing signal

time

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Predictive Encoding
 Both sender and receiver extrapolate from the last
few values received to predict what the next value
would be.
 The transmitter sends a value only if it were different
from what is predicted

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Data transfer in the presence of
noise
 Shannons Law:
C = B * log2 (1 + S/N) where:
 C = achievable channel capacity

 B= Bandwidth of line (in Hz)

 S = Average signal power

 N = Average Noise power

 S/N = Signal to Noise Ratio

 this is usually measured in decibels (dB)

 where dB = 10 * log10 (S/N)

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 Telephone Channel Capacity
Voice Channel
0-4,000 Hz

Voice Bandwidth 300-3,300 Hz

Voltage

Guard Guard
Band Band

0 300 3,300 4,000

Frequency (Hertz)

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 Example: Channel capacity of a telephone line (voice
grade):
 typical signal to noise ratio of a voice grade line
= 30 decibels
 i.e. 30 = 10* log10(S/N) => S/N = 1000

 Bandwidth = 3000 Hz

 Thus C = 3000 * log2 (1+1000)

 C = 30, 894 bits per second = 30 Kbps (approx)

 This is the extreme limit though, hardly ever reached

since ideal conditions are not present.

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Converting Voice (analog) to
digital :
 Use PCM
 Sample 8000 times in each second
 Time between each sample = 1/8000 = 125 micro
seconds (not perceptible to the human ear)
 Voice signals lie between 300 - 3300 Hz hence we
are sampling at twice the frequency
 What does Nyquist’s theorem imply ?

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Data Encoding
 Data needs to be encoded in a format that computers
can understand :
 ASCII (8 bits), 128 characters, 1 bit used for error detection
 EBCDIC (8 bits), 256 characters
 Baudot (5 bits)

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Quantization
 Linear and Non-Linear (logarithmic)

 A-law and -law

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Digital Signal Encoding

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Transmitting Data
 In order for data to be transmitted and received in a
legible form
 The receiver must know where
 a character starts

 a character ends

 in the stream of bits that is received from a transmitter

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 Flow Control
 Hardware flow control RTS/CTS
 Software flow control XON/XOFF

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Flow Control
 Necessary when data is being sent faster than it can
be processed by receiver
 Computer to printer is typical setting
 Can also be from computer to computer, when a
processing program is limited in capacity

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Stop-and-Wait Flow Control
 Simplest form
 Source may not send new frame until receiver
acknowledges the frame already sent
 Very inefficient, especially when a single message is
broken into separate frames

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Stop-and-Wait Flow Control

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Basic data communications H/W
 Modem - MOdulator/DEModulator
 used to convert digital signals from a computer to analog
signals via modulation so as to transmit over telephone
networks
Local PC CODEC’s Remote PC

1000001 1000001
PSTN
Phone network

modem modem

Input Processing Output - Input Processing Output

Digital data Transform digital data input Analog Transform analog data input Digital data
to analog data output to digital data output
(modulation) (demodulation)

Old modem (voice-graded telephone line) - ASK

Modern modem – FSK
Sophisticated modem - PSK
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Modem Standards
 V.22bis
 transmission rate 2400 bps
 baud rate 600 bauds
 data compression V.42bis
 Error correction V.42
 Modulation method 4QAM and TCM

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Modem Standards
 V.32
 transmission rate 9.6 Kbps
 Baud rate 2400 bauds
 Data compression/error correction same
 Modulation method 4QAM and TCM
 V.32bis
 same as above except uses 6QAM and TCM

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