 cells

extracellular matrix.

fibers (collagen, reticular, and elastic)

 amorphous ground substance, which contains
proteoglycans
hyaluronic acid
 The matrix is secreted by some of the
cells in connective tissues, fibroblasts in
most CTs
 In cartilage, it is chondroblasts and
chondrocytes that produce the matrix
 while in bone, it is osteoblasts and
osteocytes.
 a solid connective tissue that is to a certain
extent pliable, making it resilient
 The ground substance of cartilage is rich in
proteoglycans consisting of a core protein
with numerous- about 100-
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) attached
bottle-brush fashion around it
 GAGs are made of repeating units of
disaccharides, one of which is always a
glycosamine (hence the name) such as
glucosamine or galactosamine
 In cartilage, the GAGs attached to the
core proteins are chondroitin sulfate and
keratan sulfate.
 The proteoglycans themselves are
attached, by special linker proteins to
long, rigid molecules of hyaluronic acid
(HA)
 About eighty proteoglycans are
attached to one molecule of HA
 The repeating units of chondroitin sufate
are D-glucoronic acid and N-
acetylgalactosamine-(4 or 6)-sulfate
 The repeating units of keratan sulfate are
galactose or galactose 6-sulfate and N-
acetylglucosamine 6-sulfate.
 The repeating units of hyaluronic acid
are D-glucuronic acid and N-
acetylglucosamine
 Between 60 and 80 percent of the net
weight of (hyaline) cartilage is water
 and this large component of water
accounts for the resilient nature of
cartilage
 Cartilage is poorly vascularized, and gets
most of its nutrients through diffusion. In
the adult, repair is poor.
 Hyaline cartilage
 Elastic cartilage
 fibrocartilage.
 5%

Mineral
35% Matrix
Cells
60%
 Bone is both
› resilient ( due to the organic matter
(collagen)
› hard (due to the inorganic minerals)
  Bone serves as a storage site for calcium
and phosphate
 Blood calcium levels are regulated by the
hormones parathormone (parathyroid
hormone), which raises blood calcium
levels by stimulating bone resorption, and
calcitonin, which reduces blood calcium
by suppressing bone resorption and
increasing osteoid * calcification

*Osteoid is the matrix secreted by osteoblasts and osteocytes prior to

mineralization
 1.compact bone
2.spongy bone

Compact bone and spongy bone are found in specific locations.

 Compact bone is also called dense
bone and cortical bone
 composed of cylindrical structures called
osteons or Haversian systems
 Spongy bone is also called cancellous
bone, trabecular bone and medullary
bone
1. In long bones , most of the thickness of
the diaphysis is made of compact bone
,with a small amount of spongy bone
facing the marrow cavity.
  Calsium is present in the plasma in the
three forms.
› 47 % is bound to proteins,principally albumin
› 46 % exist as free ions and the remainder is
complexed with phosphate and citrate.

The free ions are the only form that is physiologically active
  The plasma concentration of calcium is
controlled by PTH

PTH is a polypeptide hormone synthesised in the parathyroid glands ,and

calcitriol.