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Cardiac Wellness
Institute of Calgary
Core of Thrombus
Fibrous fissure &
extracellular thickening
lipid hemtoma
Adapted from Stary in Fuster et al (eds). Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease 1996.
Atherogenesis
Does not occur in a predictable linear pattern
Some lesions develop slowly and are stable for
long periods of time, others develop quickly
Partial regression of fatty, soft lesions is
possible with aggressive risk reduction
Endothelial dysfunction can be reversed
– Exercise, dietary fat intake control, decreasing
stress, maintaining optimal blood pressure and
blood glucose levels
Manifestations of
Atherosclerosis
The Heart
– Myocardial Ischemia
– Angina
– Myocardial Infarction
Brain
Legs
Manifestations of
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial Ischemia – ischemic cascade
LV stiffening & decreased diastolic filling (diastolic
dysfunction)
Impaired LV systolic emptying
ECG changes associated with altered repolarization
Angina Pectoris – transient, referred cardiac pain
resulting from ischemia
Manifestations of
Atherosclerosis
Angina – Types:
Silent ischemia: no pain
Anginal Equivalent: shortness of breath, diaphoresis
etc.
Typical Angina: occurs with exertion, emotions &
relieved with rest or NTG
Atypical Angina: similar symptoms, but no exertion
etc
Stable Angina: reproducible, predictable
Unstable Angina: new onset, increased freq,
intensity, duration, or occurs at rest
Manifestations of
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial Infarction
Diagnosis: 2 of 3 criteria:
1) Chest pain > 30 minutes
2) ECG – Q waves / ST segment elevation/ T wave
inversion
3) Cardiac enzymes:
Creatine phosphokinase (CK) Normal = 0-195
Troponin T – Normal < 0.03
Manifestations of
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial Infarction
Signs & Symptoms:
– Angina, GI upset, Dyspnea, Diaphoresis, Syncope
Treatment:
– Relieve symptoms (nitroglycerin, painkillers)
– Reperfusion
Manifestations of
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial Infarction
STEMI vs. NSTEMI:
– ST Elevation MI – ST elevation of 1 mm or more in
contiguous leads or new LBBB
– Non-ST Elevation MI – ST depression or T wave
inversion lasting greater than or equal to 24 hours
Manifestation of
Atherosclerosis
Brain
– Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
– Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
Legs
– Intermittent claudication
Diagnosis of Coronary
Artery
Disease
Graded Exercise Test (GXT)
Used to assess...
Ischemia
– ST segment changes
– Arrhythmia
Functional Capacity
– MET’s
Ventricular Function
– Ejection Fraction
Myocardial Viability
– Reversible vs non-reversible
Echocardiography
Used to assess...
Myocardial Structures
– MR, TR, AR
Ventricular Function
– EF
– Wall motion abnormalities
Effusions
Thrombus
Ischemia
Cardiac Angiography
Used to assess...
Coronary arteries
Pressures within cardiac chambers
Valve function
Ventricular function
Interventions and
Treatment of Coronary
Artery Disease
No Cure!!!
Risk Factor Modification
Treat to Target
Medical Management
Balancing the Supply and Demand Equation
Primary Targets:
LDL-C < 2.0mmol/L or 50% reduction
ACSM Canadian
FBG <200 mg/dL FBG 4-7 mmol/L
2 hr pc BS <200mg/dL 2 hr pc BS 5-11 mmol/L
HgbA1C <0.07
Stress
Psychosocial factors associated with CAD risk:
– Type A personality
– Hostility/Anger
– Depression/Anxiety