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Aaryan Dahal(1607)
Aayush Adhikari(1608)
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHOLERA
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
Agent, Host and Environment
Sign and symptoms
Complications.
Prevention and Control Program Status
National Policy and Strategies
References
2
INTRODUCTION
Cholera is an infection in the small intestine
caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
Cholera, is a Greek word, means the gutter
of the roof.
The main symptoms are watery diarrhea and
vomiting.
Transmission occurs primarily by drinking
water or eating food that has been
contaminated by the feces (waste product).
3
Contd. …
Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative bacterium that
produces cholera toxin,
Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera, has 139 serotypes,
based on cell antigens.
Only two of them produce an enterotoxin and are
pathogens: O1 and O139
Cholera endemic and epidemic today in developing
countries, some cases also found in developed countries.
Cholera became one of the most widespread and deadly
4 diseases.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHOLERA
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
Agent, Host and Environment
Sign and symptoms
Complications.
Prevention and Control Program Status
National Policy and Strategies
5
References
GLOBAL STATUS
6
OCCURRENCE:
10
SIZE OF THE PROBLEM GLOBALLY:
140 000 – 290 000 cases were reported between
1997- 1998.
14
15
Nepalese origin of cholera epidemic in Haiti.
16
Doti cholera outbreak under control
Introduction
Magnitude of the Program
Agent, Host and Environment
Sign and symptoms
Complications.
Prevention and Control Program Status
National Policy and Strategies
18
References
AGENT FACTORS
Only O1 and O139 are toxigenic and cause Cholera disease (Water-borne
illness)
19 .
Period of Communicability
21
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
at risk areas include peri urban slums,
refugee camps where clean water and
sanitation are not met
Consequences of a disaster
Lack of education, poor quality of life
22
Unsanitary environment:
23
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHOLERA
Introduction
Magnitude of the Program
Agent, Host and Environment
Sign and symptoms
Complications.
Prevention and Control Program Status
National Policy and Strategies
24
References
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMs
25
Typical "rice water" diarrhea
If the severe diarrhea is not treated with
intravenous rehydration, it can result in life-
threatening dehydration and electrolyte
imbalances.
The typical symptoms of dehydration include
low blood pressure, poor skin turgor
(wrinkled hands), sunken eyes, and a rapid
pulse.
27
A person with severe dehydration due to cholera -
note the sunken eyes and decreased skin turgor
28 which produces wrinkled hands and skin
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Introduction
Magnitude of the Program
Agent, Host and Environment
Sign and symptoms
Complications
Prevention and Control Program Status
National Policy and Strategies
31
References
COMPLICATIONS
Introduction
Magnitude of the Program
Agent, Host and Environment
Sign and symptoms
Complications
Prevention and Control Program Status
National Policy and Strategies
33
References
Control and prevention
39
40Cholera patient being treated by medical staff in
Antibiotic treatments for one to three days shorten
the course of the disease and reduce the severity of
the symptoms. Doxycycline is typically used first
line,
Other antibiotics proven to be effective include
cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, tetracycline,
chloramphenicol, and furazolidone.
41
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHOLERA
Introduction
Magnitude of the Program
Agent, Host and Environment
Sign and symptoms
Complications
Prevention and Control Program Status
National Policy and Strategies
42
References
DIARRHOEA CONTROL PROGRAM IN
NATIONAL CONTEXT
43
STRATEGY FOR DIARRHOEA CONTROL
Introduction
Magnitude of the Program
Agent, Host and Environment
Sign and symptoms
Complications.
Prevention and Control Program Status
National Policy and Strategies
47
References
REFERENCES
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs286/en/
Applied epidemiology in Nepalese context.
Annual report of DoHS.
www.mohp.gov.np
www.health24.com/Medical/Cholera/About-cholera
http://bodyandhealth.canada.com/channel_condition_
info_d
etails.asp?disease_id=31&channel_id=1020&relation_id=7
0907
48
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