Introduction

Historical Background
Fundamental Requirements in ac Power Transmission
Engineering Factors Affecting Stability and Voltage
Control
Historical Background
AC power transmission system planning constraints:
The dependence of load centers on the continuity of
electrical supplies
Extensive development of remote hydro-electric
resources
Difficulty of acquiring right-of-way for new
transmission circuits
Fundamental Requirements in AC
Power Transmission
Major synchronous machines must remain stably in
synchronism
Voltages must be kept near to their rated values
Engineering Factors Affecting
Stability and Voltage Control
Uncompensated Transmission
Lines
Electrical Parameters
Fundamental Transmission line equation
The Uncompensated Line On Open-Circuit
Compensated Transmission Lines
Compensation means the modification of the electrical
characteristics of a transmission line in order to
increase its power transmission capacity while
satisfying the fundamental requirements for
transmission.
 A compensation system ideally performs the following
functions:
It helps produce a substantially flat voltage profile at all
levels of transmission;
It improves stability by increasing the maximum
transmissible power;
It provides an economical means for meeting the
reactive power requirements of the transmission system.
LINE COMPENSATION
Increase in load demand, HV transmission lines are
used
 Capability of these lines can be increased
Artificially reducing series reactance and shunt
susceptance
Use of series capacitors and shunt capacitors
Maximum power transfer capability
Better voltage profile
Correction of power factor
Series compensation
 Compensation of the line with the help of series capacitor is series
compensation.
 It is provided for long transmission lines having voltages 220 kV and
above
 Capacitors are connected in series with the line
Series capacitor introduces negative or leading reactance.
Current through this reactance causes voltage drop that
leads the current by 90 degree.
This drop is opposite to inductive reactance
Series capacitor at rated frequency compensates for that
drop
Advantages of series compensation
Improvement in system stability
Improved voltage regulation
Damping effect
Load division between parallel circuits
Disadvantages of series compensation
 It effects short circuit ratings of circuit breakers and fuse in case system
is under fault. As series compensator reduces the reactance of line.

 It changes natural resonant frequency of the transmission system in

case of disturbances.

 When it is installed in EHV line between transformer and source of

supply, ferroresonance may occur.

 It may cause faulty operation of distance relay of line protection.

 It causes damages due to overvoltage, which occur in series capacitor

when fault occurs on transmission line.
Circuit arrangement with series capacitor
Various factors on which transmission line capability
depends:

 thermal limits of conductor

Transient and steady state stability

Overvoltage at capacitor terminals

Shunt compensator
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES