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wastewater treatment
Jan Bartáček
ICT Prague
Department of Water Technology and
Environmental Engineering
Jan.bartacek@vscht.cz
Anaerobic reactors -
differenciations
Anaerobic reactors
Immobilized
Suspended biomass biomass
Biofilm Granular
(on support) biomass
Biogas
Overflow Overflow
Digested Digested
Raw Raw
sludge sludge
sludge sludge
Reactors for Sludge Digestion
• Mixing
▫ Mechanical (only fixed top)
Fast or slow
Reactors for Sludge Digestion
• Mixing
▫ Mechanical (only fixed top)
Fast or slow
▫ Biogas recirculation
▫ Sludge recirculation
Reactors for Sludge Digestion
• Heating
▫ External
▫ Internal
▫ It is advantageous to
have large reactors –
smaller heat losses
Reactors for Sludge Digestion
• Egg-shaped digesters
Reactors for Sludge Digestion
• Egg-shaped digesters
Reactors for Sludge Digestion
• Egg-shaped digesters
▫ Smaller surface/volume ratio smaller heat
losses
▫ Improved mixing properties (mixing with biogas)
Reactors for Sludge Digestion
• Temperature: 20 – 55 °C
• Materials: steel, concrete, plastics (smaller)
• Retention time: 10 – 30 days
• Pumping cycles: usually several time a day
(SBR). Advantageous to get close to continuous
systems (e.g. pumping every hour)
Development of anaerobic
wastewater technologies over time
Anaerobic reactors for WWT build
in recent years
Anaerobic reactors for WWT build
in recent years
Anaerobic Contac (AC) process
• Main difficulty – sludge
separation
▫ Solution:
less mixing
Improved
degasification
(vacuum)
membrane separation
Anaerobic Filters (AF)
• Usually up-flow
▫ Problems with
clogging
• Suitable carrier
material
▫ originally natural
(gravel, coke, bamboo
segments)
▫ Recently plastics,
ceramics etc.
Anaerobic Filters (AF)
• Down-flow systems
▫ Less clogging
(suspended biomass
leaves reactor via
bottom
▫ First systems –
tubular
Relatively small
contact area
Anaerobic Filters (AF)
• Down-flow systems
▫ Less clogging
(suspended biomass
leaves reactor via
bottom
▫ First systems –
tubular
Relatively small
contact area
▫ Normal carriers can
also be used
"High Rate"Anaerobic Treatment
• Bioreactors in which the sludge retention time is
separated from the hydraulic retention time.
• Anaerobes can be maintained in the reactor at high
concentrations, enabling high volumetric conversion
rates, while the wastewater rapidly passes through the
reactor.
• The main mechanism of retaining sludge in the reactor is
immobilization onto support material (microorganisms
sticking to surfaces, eg. filter material in the "anaerobic
filter") or self-aggregation into pellets (microorganisms
sticking to each other, eg. sludge granules).
Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
(UASB) reactor
biogas
effluent
granular
sludge
influent
Anaerobic granular sludge
• Spherical biofilm
• Grown without
carrier material
• Heterogeneous,
densely packed
biomass
Sekiguchi et al. 1999 Applied And
Environmental Microbiology, 65(3), 1280-1288.
• Often stratified
(depends on
substrate
complexicity)
• Well settling
Fernández, et al 2008. Chemosphere, 70(3), 462-474.
Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
(UASB) reactor
biogas
g-l-s (3-phase)
separator
effluent
deflector
granular
sludge
influent
blanket
Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
(UASB) reactor
biogas
g-l-s (3-phase)
separator
effluent
deflector
granular
sludge
influent www.uasb.org
blanket
Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
(UASB) reactor
biogas
g-l-s (3-phase)
separator
effluent
deflector
granular
sludge
influent
blanket
Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
(UASB) reactor
Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Bed
(UASB) reactor
Expanded and Fluidized bed
reactors
• Internal Circulation (IC)
reactor (Paques B.V.)
• Excellent mixing and
contact between ww and
biofilm
Expanded and Fluidized bed
reactors
• Internal Circulation (IC)
reactor (Paques B.V.)
• Excellent mixing and
contact between ww and
biofilm
Expanded and Fluidized bed
reactors
• Internal Circulation (IC)
reactor (Paques B.V.)
• Excellent mixing and
contact between ww and
biofilm
Expanded and Fluidized bed
reactors
• Expanded Granular
Sludge Bed (EGSB) reactor
(Biothane B.V)
EGSB vs. UASB
• Better mixing
• No problems with small inert particles
▫ Struvite
NH4+ + Mg2+ + PO43- + 6H2O NH4MgPO4·6H2O
Advantages: Constrains:
Liquid effluents - N
• Nitrification/denitrification
• Nitritation/denitritation
• Deammonification
▫ SHARON-ANAMMOX
Liquid effluents - N
• Nitritation/denitritation
Liquid effluents - N
• Nitritation
▫ How to achieve inhibition of NOB?
Low dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) ~ 0.7
mg/L
High temperature (25-40 °C) + low retention
(SHARON process)
High loading rate (NH2OH accumulation)
SBR regime (pH changes)
Liquid effluents - N
• SHARON-ANAMMOX
Liquid effluents - N
• SHARON-ANAMMOX
Liquid effluents - N
• SHARON-ANAMMOX
Anammox bacteria
Liquid effluents - N
• SHARON-ANAMMOX
▫ Advantages
Low energy demand
Low substrate demand
▫ Constrains
High temperature needed
Slow growth
Biogas quality upgrading
• Mostly H2S removal
• CO2 removal
• Drying
Biogas upgrading - H2S removal
• S2- oxidation to sulphur
Thiothrix Thiobacillus
Biogas upgrading
• THIOPAQ®
Biogas upgrading
• Microaeration
▫ Controlled air dosing into anaerobic reactors
▫ Dosing:
Gas space
Inlet/recycle
Technologies for anaerobic
wastewater treatment
Jan Bartáček
ICT Prague
Department of Water Technology and
Environmental Engineering
Jan.bartacek@vscht.cz