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MATERIAL
Dr Thulfiqar
Dental Material
Block 4
CONTENT
1) General requirement
2) Purpose of impression material
3) Indication
4) Classification
i. Hydrocolloids
ii. Elastomerics – Polysulfides,
Polyethers
iii. Condensation silicone
iv. Addition silicone
GENERAL REQUIREMENT
Other purpose
1) To duplicate a cast that has been formed when
more than one positive reproduction is required
(eg. Agar)
2) To corrective impression material
(eg. Waxes)
INDICATION
1) Diagnostic cast – preliminary & opposing
2) Indirect reconstruction – fixed & removable
3) Bite registration
4) Correction – wax
5) Duplication – agar-agar
CLASSIFICATION OF IMPRESSION
MATERIALS
Non-Elastic
1) Reversible – waxes, impression compound
2) Irreversible – ZOE, impression plaster
Elastic
1) Aqueous (hydrocolloids) – alginate irreversible &
agar reversible
2) Non-aqueous
i. Polysulfides
ii. Polyether
iii. Condensation-polymerizing silicone
iv. Addition-polymerizing silicone
Impression
Material
Synthetic
Non elastic Hydrocolloids
elastomers
Impression
Polysulfides Reversible
plaster
Impression
Polyether Irreversible
compound
Impression
Silicone
waxes
HYDROCOLLOIDS
Colloid
A glue-like material composed of 2 or more substances
in which one of substance does not go into solution but
is suspended within another substance
Hydrocolloid
A water-based colloid that function as elastic impression
materials
The hydrocolloid are elastic impression materials
- Agar reversible hydrocolloid
- Agar irreversible hydrocolloid
Cool to 43 C
Agar hydrocolloid (hot) Agar hydrocolloid (cold)
SOLUTION Heat to 100 C GEL
Agar Reversible Hydrocolloids
• Agar is derived from an extract of seaweed called
agar-agar. The impression material is made of
reversible agar gel
• This gel is composed of
12-15% agar
1% potassium sulphate – to ensure proper set
0.2% borax – as strengthener for the gel
0.1% alkyl benzoate – antifungal during storage
85% water
• Clinical application
Need specific equipment for its use
The impression trays are stock trays (called water-
cooled trays) with tubing running through them
that connects to a water line rubber hoses to
circulate tap water through the tray
The water cools the impression materials so that it
gels within a reasonable period of time (about 5
minutes)
To prepare the material for making an impression,
a special heating unit (hydrocolloid conditioner) is
used.
It has 3 water bath chambers, each with different
set of temperature
• Manipulation:
3 chamber conditioning unit
1) Liquefy at 100 C for 10 minutes
– convert gel to solution
2) Store at 65 C – place in tray
3) Temper at 46 C for 3 minutes – seat tray, cool
with water at 13 C for 3 minutes
- convert solution to gel
• Advantages
1) Dimensionally accurate
2) Inexpensive – after initial equipment
3) No custom tray / adhesive
4) Pleasant & No mixing required
• Disadvantages
1) Initial exposure – special equipment
2) Material prepared in advance
3) Tears easily
4) Dimensionally unstable – immediate pour &
single cast
5) Difficult to disinfect
Agar (Alginate) Irreversible Hydrocolloids
• It is made of derivatives from seaweed
• Composition:
15-20% Potassium or sodium alginate (main
active ingredient of powder) – salt of alginic
acid, mucous extraction of seaweed [algae]
14-20% Calcium sulphate dihydrate - reactor
10% Potassium sulphate
2% Tri-sodium phosphate
Sodium phosphate – as retarder
Potassium fluoride – improves gypsum surface
• Manipulation:
Weight powder
Powder added to water (rubber bowl, vacuum mixer)
Mixed for 45 sec to 1 min
Place tray
Remove 2 – 3 minutes: after gelation (loss of
tackiness)
• How to control setting time of alginate:
1) Controlling W/P ratio – will affect properties of gel;
tear, strength & elasticity
2) Amount of retarders – added during manufacturing
3) Use cold water – to increase working & setting time
• Properties
1) Good surface details
2) Elastic enough to be drawn over the undercut areas
3) Working time is
1-2 minutes (for the fast set alginate)
4-5 minutes (for regular set alginate)
4) Setting time is 1-3 minutes (can be modified)
5) Non-toxic & non-irritant
6) Subject to dimensional changes as a result of
imbibition & syneresus
7) Compatible with most gypsum products
• Advantages
1) Easy to use
2) Inexpensive
3) Can just use stock trays
• Disadvantages
1) Tears easily
2) Dimensionally unstable – immediate pour & only for
single cast
3) Low detail reproduction – unacceptable for fixed
prosthodontics
4) High permanent deformation
5) Difficult to disinfect
ELATOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS
Polyether tubes
The base is a moderately low-molecular weight
polyether, containing ethylene imine terminal group
Polyether + sulfonic ester → Cross linked rubber
• Indication:
Crown & bridge
Bite registration
• Manipulation
Adhesion to tray – stock / custom tray; very stiff
Paste-paste mix
Auto-mixing; (hand-held → low viscosity)
(mechanical dispenser → high viscosity)
• Advantages
Highly accurate & Multiple casts
Good dimension stability & surface details
Stock or dual-arch trays
Pour within one week – kept dry
Good wettability
• Disadvantages
Expensive
Short working time
Rigid – difficult to remove from undercut
Bitter taste
Low tear strength
Dynamic mechanical mixing
CONDENSATION SILICONE
• Composition:
Polydimethylsiloxane – low-molecular weight
silicone in base paste
Silica (Reinforcing agent) – to give consistency to
the paste & stiffness to the set material
Tin organic ester (accelerator paste)
• Disadvantages
1) Poor dimensional stability
– high shrinkage; polymerization, evaporation of
ethanol
- Pour immediately: within 30 minutes
2) Hydrophobic – poor wettability
3) Liquid component may cause irritation
• Properties
1) Hydrophobic
2) Hydrogen gas evolution on setting
3) Moderate shelf life & tear strength
4) Good surface details
5) Non toxic
6) Very elastic
ADDITION SILICONE
• Called polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) or vinyl polysiloxane
(VPS) impression material
• Based on addition polymerization between diVPS &
polymethylhydrosiloxane with a platinum salt as the
catalyst
• Composition:
Polydimethylsiloxane & diVPS – in base paste
DiVPS & Platinum salt
– in catalyst/accelerator paste
Both paste contain fillers
• Manipulation
Adhesive to tray
Double mix; custom tray (heavy body), light body
to prep
Putty-wash – stock tray
• Advantages
1) High accuracy
2) High dimensional stability – pour up to one week
3) Stock or custom trays
4) Multiple casts
5) Easy to mix
6) Pleasant odor
• Disadvantages
1) Expensive
2) Sulfur inhibits set (glove latex, ferric & Al sulfate
retraction solution)
3) Pumice teeth before impressing
4) Short working time
5) Lower tear strength
6) Possible hydrogen release – bubble on die;
palladium added to absorb
• Properties
1) Dimensionally stable
2) Moderate tear strength
3) Very fine surface details
4) No gas evolution
5) Non toxic & non irritant
6) Good shelf life