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Expansion of lungs
Start of inspiration
Compression of lungs
Start of Expiration
End of expiration
Pressure Changes During Breath
Pressure Changes During Breath
• Pleural pressure change
-5 cm H2O to -7.5 cm H2O
• Alveolar pressure change
0 cm H2O to -1 cm H2O
• Transpulmonary pressure change
Difference between the pleural and
alveolar pressure -5 cm H2O to -6.5 cm H2O
Transpulmonary Pressure
Lung Compliance
• The lung volume change per unit
transpulmonary pressure change
• Normal- average about 200 ml / cm H2O
compliance
• Determined by
Elastic force of lung tissue
= elastic fibers and collagen fibers in lung
parenchyma
Elastic force caused by surface tension of
the fluid that lines the inside wall of the alveoli
The surface tension reduced by surfactant
Pulmonary Surfactant
• Is a complex mixture of several phospholipids,
proteins, and ions.
• It contains dipalmitoylphosphotidylcholine.
• Reducing the surface tension and prevent
alveolar collapse
• It is produced by the type II alveolar epithelial
cells
Alveolar ventilation
Is the rate at which new air reaches the
Respiratory zone ( respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar duct, alveolar sacs, alveoli )
around 350 ml
Anatomical dead space volume
the volume of air present in anatomical dead
space = Conducting Zone
around 150 ml
Rate of Alveolar Ventilation
Alveolar ventilation per minute
is the total volume of new air entering the
respiratory zone each minute
It is calculated by
Va = freq x (Vt – Vd)
= 12 x (500 – 150)
= 4200 ml/ minute
Minute Ventilation
Is a Minute respiratory volume
= tidal volume x respiratory rate
= 500 x 12 /minute
= 6000 ml / minute
Rate of Alveolar Ventilation
subject Tidal Respiratory Anatomical Minute Alveolar
volume (ml ) rate dead space Ventilation Ventilation
(breath/ ventilation (ml ) (ml)
minute) (ml)
• Pulmonary Circulation.
– Arises from Right Ventricle.
– Receives 100% of blood flow.
• Bronchial Circulation.
– Arises from the aorta.
– Part of systemic circulation.
– Receives about 2% of left ventricular output
Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary Circulation
• In series with the systemic circulation.
• Blood flow
• Alveoli Pco2
• Broncho constriction
• Decreased Air flow
• Diversion of Air flow away from local area of
disease to healthy areas of the lung
Diffusion of gases
Diffusion of gases through
alveolar membrane
Fick’s law
Alveolar membrane
Fick’s law