Dopamine

CHAIRMAN : DR. F.A SATTAR

{HOD/PROFESSOR}
PRESENTER: DR. NIVEDHA RAJAN{IMO}
DEPARTMENT: PSYCHIATRY
 Overview:

 Introduction
 Synthesis
 Dopamine receptors
 Dopaminergic Pathways
 Clinical Uses
 Dosage
 Adverse Effects
 References
 Reference:

o Lippincott’s “Pharmacology” by Richard D. Howland, Mary

J.Mycek, #3rd Lippincott Williams & wilkins publications

o “Essentials of medical pharmacology” by KD Tripathi, 6th edition,

JAYPEE publications

o “Synopsis Of Psychiatry” – 10th Edtion

 Introduction:

 Dopamine was first synthesized in

1910 by George Barger and James
Ewens at Wellcome Laboratories in
London, England.
 It was named dopamine because it
was a Monoamine,
neurotransmitter formed in the
brain from the amino acid tyrosine
 Dopamine belongs to the family of
catecholamines
 Intro Cont.:

o Hormones, Epinephrine,
Norepinephrine (other
Catecholamines) are
derived from Dopamine
o Significant role in
learning, goal-directed
behavior, regulation of
hormones, motor control
 DA Synthesis and Metabolism

L phenylalanine (amino acid from diet)

Phenylalanine hydroxylase
L Tyrosine

Tyrosine hydroxylase RLS

L Dopa

Dopa decarboxylase
Dopamine ( DA)

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Catechol – O –methyl transferase (COMT)
DOPAC + HVA
 Dopamine Receptors:

 Metabotropic G- Protein Coupled Receptors

 D1 - like family:
 Includes subtypes D1 and D5
 Activation is coupled to G8 ; activates adenylyl cylcase
which leads to increase in concentration of cAMP

 D2 - like family:
 Includes D2 - D3 – D4
 Activation is coupled to G1; inhibits adenylyl cyclase
leading to decrease in concentration of Camp
 Also open K channels & closes Ca influx
Dopamine Recptors:
Subtypes Location Function

D1 Putmen, Nuclus Inhibition cause

accumbens i.e nigrostrail extrapyramidal disorders
pathway
D2 Straitum, substantia Control behavior,
nigra, Pitutairy voluntary, prolactin
release
D3 Midbrain, nuclues Memory, Motivation and
accumbens & emotional response
hypothalamus

D4 Frontal Cortex, medulla Memory, Motivation and

and midbrain i.e emotional response
mesocortical pathway

D5 Hypothalamus, Motor Control

hippocampus
 Dopaminergic Pathways:

 Mesolimbic Pathway

 Mesocortical Pathway

 Nigrostraital Pathway

 Tuberoinfudibular Pathway

 Incertohypothalamic Pathway

 Medullary Periventricular

 Retinal
Significance of Dopaminergic Pathways:

 Mesolimbic Pathway
 Associated with pleasure, reward and goal directed to behavior

 Mesocortical Pathway
 Associated with motivational and emotional responses

 Nigrostraital Pathway
 Involved in coordination of movement (part of basal ganglia
motor loop/EPS)

 Tuberoinfundibular Pathway
 Regulates secretion of prolactin by pituitary gland and involved
in maternal behavior
 Schizophrenia:

o Defective dopamine neurotransmitter – relative excess of central

dopaminergic activity

o An increase in DA function in the mesolimbic system and

decreased function in the mesocortical DA systems (D1
predominate)
Parkinson’s Disease:

 Parkinson’s suffers have low

levels of dopamine
 L-dopa raises DA activity
 People with Parkinson's
develop schizophrenic
symptoms if they take too
much L-Dopa
 TREATMENT: increasing
dopamine levels
 Nerve grafting with dopamine
containing cells
 Clinical Uses:

Dopamine is often used in situation where

cardiac stimulation and vasoconstriction is
desired such as cardiogenic shock.
Also used to correct the hypotension in the
septic shock.
Low does is often used in an attempt to
prevent or reverse acute renal failure.
 Dosage:

 Dopamine is packaged in 200,

400, and 800mg vials and
must be diluted before it is
administered by intravenous
methods.
 Initial doses of dopamine are
started as intravenous drip at
a rate of 5 micrograms per Kg
per minute (5mcg/Kg/min)
 Then the drug can be increase
at a rate of 5 -10 mcg to obtain
the correct does to threat the
individual.
 Adverse Effects:

 Tachyarrhythmia’s are the most common adverse effect

of dopamine
 The most feared complication of dopamine infusion is
limb necrosis
 Allergic reactions
 Delays gastric emptying which predispose to
nosocomial pneumonia
 Continuous infusion of dopamine increase intraocular
pressure
 Hyperglycemia is present in patients who receive
continues infusion of dopamine
THANK YOU!