PETROCHEMICAL & PETROLEUM

REFINING TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
VIDEO PRESENTATION
Petroleum, exploration and refining process
PETROLEUM

 Petro (rock) and oleum (oil)

 Complex mixture of organic fluids called crude

oil and natural gas (NG)

Crude Oil + NG = Petroleum

PETROLEUM
Organic fluids = Hydrocarbons

Organic compounds of carbon and hydrogen

atoms that may include from one to 60 carbon
atoms

 Hydrocarbon-contain hydrogen and

carbon. (Example???)

Small amount of nitrogen,

oxygen, sulfur and metal trace.

 The difference between crude oil

and natural gas is the size of the
hydrocarbon molecules.
PETROLEUM
 Occurs naturally beneath the
earth's surface, can be
separated into fractions
including natural gas,
gasoline, naphtha, kerosene,
fuel and lubricating oils,
paraffin wax, and asphalt
and is used as raw material
for a wide variety of
derivative products.
(Refer:American Heritage Dictionary)
PETROLEUM
PETROLEUM
Onshore Drilling
Offshore Drilling
In the oil industry, "Upstream" refers to petroleum
exploration and development.
"Downstream" refers to pipeline, refining, and
chemicals.
 HISTORY
Ancient times…
ASPHALT/ PITCH/ BITUMEN was used in the construction of
the walls and towers of Babylon; there were Oil Pits near
Ardericca (near Babylon), and a Pitch spring on Zacynthus

Egyptians coated mummies and

sealed their pyramid.
Euphrates sealed boats.
 HISTORY
Ancient times…
 The Chinese also came across petroleum while
digging holes for brine (salt water) and used the
petroleum for heating.
 Greek Fire
- Viscous liquid that ignited when contact with water
- Volatile fraction of petroleum (naphtha)
 HISTORY
Ancient times…
 American Indians used petroleum for paint, fuel and
medicine
 Desert nomads used it to treat camels
 Ancient Persians & Sumatrans also believed
petroleum had medicinal value
 19th century, jars of petroleum sold as
miracle tonic

Samuel M. Kier
 HISTORY
HISTORY Ancient times…

 George Bissell, a lawyer thought that

petroleum might be converted into kerosene
& used as illuminants.
George Bissell
Confirmed the theory : Benjamin Silliman
Jr. (Chemistry & Geology Professor at Yale
University)

Benjamin Silliman
 HISTORY
Ancient times…
1854 Bissell and a friend formed the
Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company-
Unsuccessful

1858 Bissell & a group of businessmen formed

Seneca Oil Company ~ hired Edwin Drake
for drilling at Titusville

The US petroleum industry began with Edwin

Drake's drilling of a 69-foot (21 m) oil well in
1859

(First Oil Well Drilled )

Originally yielding 25 barrels per day
(4.0 m3/d), by the end of the year output
reduced to 15 barrels per day (2.4 m3/d)). Titusville, Pennsylvania
Standard Oil's Refinery in 1870. This was the largest
refinery in Cleveland, US
 HISTORY
1890s…
About 90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil.

Henry Ford

Karl Benz
 HISTORY
 By 1910, significant oil fields had
been discovered in Canada
 1885 The Dutch East Indies (in
Sumatra)
 1908 The Persia (in Masjed
Soleiman, Iran)
 1863 Peru 26 May 1908, the first major oil
strike in the Middle East occurred

 Venezuela and Mexico in Masjid-e Suleiman, Persia (Iran).

Mid-1950s coal was still the world's foremost fuel,

but after this time oil quickly took over.
Top 3 oil producers :
Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States.
Largest known reserves are in the Middle East:
Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iraq, Qatar and Kuwait
Characteristics of Crude Oil

Light & Heavy crude oil describe based on

1. Density

2. Viscosity (resistance to flow)

Light vs Heavy
Good Quality?
 Classification of Oil
 Quality of crude oil based on MATURATION
 Younger crudes LOWER QUALITY
 HIGHER QUALITY LIGHTER COLOUR (golden or amber)
 Colors of Crude Oil

NORTHEASTERN UTAH

NORTHWESTERN ILLINOIS PANHANDLE REGION TEXAS

Colors of Crude Oil
UPPER NILE, SUDAN

NORTH SEA, UNITED KINGDOM

EXERCISE
Good Quality?

PANHANDLE REGION TEXAS UPPER NILE, SUDAN

A B
A BARREL OF OIL

1 bbl = 42 US gallons
= 35 Imperial gallons
= 5.61 ft3
= 158.8 l

Oil prices (above $100/barrel), Venezuela

has larger reserves than Saudi Arabia due
to its crude reserves derived from bitumen
 FROM A BARREL OF OIL

Distillation
FROM A BARREL OF OIL
 World’s Largest Refiners (2008)
Crude Capacity,
Rank by Thousand Barrels per
Capacity Company Calendar Day
1 Exxon Mobil Corporation 5,632
2 Royal Dutch/Shell (Netherlands) 4,599
3 Sinopec 3,811
4 BP (United Kingdom) 3,328
5 ConocoPhillips 2,696
6 Petroleos de Venezuela.S.A. (Venezuela) 2,678
7 Total (France) 2,655
8 Valero Energy Corporation 2,596
9 China National Petroleum Company (China) 2,440
10 Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Arabia) 2,433
 World’s Largest Refiners (2011)
Rank by Crude Capacity, Thousand
Capacity1 Company Barrels per Calendar Day
1 Exxon Mobil Corporation 5,783
2 Royal Dutch/Shell (Netherlands) 4,509
3 Sinopec (China) 3,971
4 BP (United Kingdom) 3,325
5 ConocoPhillips 2,778
6 Chevron Corp. 2,756
7 Petroleos de Venezuela.S.A. (Venezuela) 2,678
8 Valero Energy Corporation 2,616
9 China National Petroleum Company (China) 2,615
10 Total (France) 2,451
11 Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Arabia) 2,433
12 Petroleo Brasilerio S.A. (Brazil) 1,997
13 Petroleos Mexicanos (Mexico) 1,703
14 National Iranian Oil Company (Iran) 1,451
15 JX Nippon Oil & Energy Corp. (Japan) 1,423
24 SK Group (South Korea) 817

Ref:Oil & Gas Journal

Netherlands Antilles, Curacao, Shell oil refinery,
one of world's largest refinery.
Transportation
Horizon Singapore Terminals Pascagoula Refinery's
(Subsidiary of Emirates National Oil Marine Terminal
Company (ENOC)-owned Horizon
Terminals Ltd)
Ras Tanura Oil Terminal, Saudi Oil Terminal in Primorsk, Eastern
Arabia Gulf of Finland
An oil feeder line in Kuwait
Oil carriers in Prigorodnoye, Russia
Railroad tanker

Tanker truck
 Transport Capacity
Tanker truck 200 barrels
Railroad tanker 1,500 barrels
Barge 15,000 barrels
Super tanker 1 millions barrels
Large liquid 2 millions
pipeline barrels/day
Large gas 1 billion cubic
pipeline feet/day
An Oil Refinery
THE TRANSFORMATION

Refining Process
Platforms
Platform
Platform
 PRELUDE Floating Liquefied NG
(Shell)
Construction of the hull : Oct
2012-Dec 2013

(Technip Samsung Consortium)

Will be used in Prelude & Concerto Gas fields

in Browse Basin, Australia

Drilling expected to begin in 2017

Thank you
~ July 1882 , recorded by British
Resident of the Baram district in
Sarawak.
~ Oil was used by the local
residents for medicinal purposes
and later for lighting lamps and
waterproofing boats.
~ The first oil well (the Grand Old
Lady) was drilled by Shell
(previously known as Anglo- The Grand Old Lady, Miri,
Saxon Petroleum Company) in Sarawak
1910
~ 1910, Sarawak Shell
was granted the sole
right to explore for
petroleum in Sarawak
struck oil in the town
of Miri Lutong Oil Refinery, Miri

~ 1914, Shell also built

Malaysia's first oil
refinery in Lutong, Miri

Brighton Beach Oil Refinery, Miri

~ 1950s, sea exploration
~ 1962, two areas offshore Sarawak
~ 1968, exploration in peninsular Malaysia
~ 1971, first oil field discovered.
 Present
Malaysia’s oil and gas fields can be found mainly offshore
of Peninsula Malaysia and east coast.

Most of the country's oil fields contain low-sulfur, high-

quality crude.

37 oil fields and 11 gas fields and others are under

development.
 Oil fields that produces high quality blends of
crude can be found in the east of Peninsula
Malaysia mainly, Tapis, Labuan, Miri, Bintulu and
Dulang.

 More than half of the country's oil production

comes from the Tapis field - very light and sweet
with API gravity of 44 and sulfur content of
0.08% by weight

 January 2010 - producing 693,000 barrels of

oils and 192 million cubic metres of gas per day2
 The Malaysian oil and gas industry is generally
divided into upstream, midstream and
downstream activities.

 Upstream activities consist of exploration,

development and production of oil and gas
resources.

 Midstream and downstream activities range

from the transportation of oil and gas, to
refining and processing through to marketing
and trading of end products.
Top 5 Asia Pacific Proven Oil
Reserve Holders (January 2009)
 Malaysia is Southeast Asia's 2nd biggest crude
producer, after Indonesia.

 It is also the world's 3rd largest producer of

liquefied natural gas, after Indonesia and
Algeria.
 Esso Production Malaysia Inc. (EPMI), an affiliate of
ExxonMobil Corporation, is the largest crude oil
producer in Peninsular Malaysia, accounting for
nearly half of Malaysia 's crude oil production.

 EPMI operates 7 fields near the peninsula, and one-

third of its production comes from the Seligi field.

 The Seligi-F platform, with its 28 wells, is the newest

satellite in the Seligi field, located 165 miles off the
coast of Terengganu , Peninsular Malaysia.
~ Malaysia has 6 refineries, with a total processing
capacity of 544 832 bbl/d.

Petronas -Kerteh (Terengganu)

-Sungai Udang (Melaka).

Shell -Port Dickson (Negeri Sembilan)

-Lutong (Sarawak)

ExxonMobil -Port Dickson (Negeri Sembilan)

 The 3 largest refineries are:
1. Shell Port Dickson refinery (155,000 bbl/d)
2. Petronas Melaka-I (92, 832 bbl/d)
3. Melaka-II refineries (126, 000 bbl/d).
Middle 2013
Thank you