Chemical

composition
introduction
 made up of a definite proportion of two
or more elements.
 symbols of the atoms of the elements
present in the compound as well as how
many there are for each element in the
form of subscripts.
Hydration of Portland Cement
C3SH4 Calcium Silicate Hydrate

CH Calcium Hydroxide
Hydration of Portland Cement
 C6AS3H32 Ettringite
 stable in SO4-2 solution
 from C3A+CSH2

 C4ASH12 Monosulfate
 unstable in SO4-2
 From C6AS3H32 +C3A

 C3(A,F)H6 Hydrogarnets
Portland Cement Properties
 Hydraulic
 Fineness
 90% finer than 45m
 Setting Time
 Controlled
 False Set
 Flash Set
Portland Cement Properties
 Soundness
 MgO or Hard-Burned Lime
 SpecificGravity: 3.15
 Heat of Hydration - Exothermic Reaction
 C3 S & C 3 A
 LOI
 SO3
 How are Portland Cements
different?
Four Main Compounds
 Tricalcium Silicate (C3S)
 Dicalcium Silicate (C2S)
 Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A)
 Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (C4AF)
C3S
Tri Calcium Silicate
3CaO.SiO2 -“Alite”
Provides
Early strength
development
70% reacts by 28 days
Usually present at 40-70%
If >65% difficult to burn
C2S Dicalcium Silicate

 2CaO.SiO2 -“Belite”
 Provides late strength development
 30% reacts by 28 days
 Present at 20-40%
 Under-burning can result in higher C2S contents
in cement
 C3A Tricalcium Aluminate

3CaO.Al2O3 -“Aluminate”
Provides heat generated in hydration
(10 to 15 F per 100 lb. cement)
High C3A not as resistant to sulfate
attack
Little contribution to strength
C4AF Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite
 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 -“Ferrite”
 Governs the color of the cement
 Present at 1-10%
 Ironfacilitates formation of other compounds-
acts as a flux
 Little contribution to strength
Hydration
 C3Sand C2S = ~ 75% of the weight of Portland
Cement
 React with Water to form two new
compounds:
 Calcium Hydroxide
 Calcium Silicate Hydrate (CSH)

Hydration:
C3S + H2O  C-S-H + CH
CH + H2O  Ca++ + OH-
Supplementary Cementing Materials
Powdered or pulverized materials
 DEFINITION:
added before or during mixing to improve
or change some of the plastic or hardened
properties of concrete.

•Cementitious
•Pozzolan
s
•Nominally Inert
Cementitious Materials
 Possess hydraulic cementing properties
 GGBF slag (by-product of steel industry)
 Natural cement- Cement Rock
 Hydraulic hydrated lime
Pozzolans
 Possess no cemetitious value until finely divided
and mixed with water and cement
 Cherts, clays, shales
 Fly ash (by-product of coal)
 Silica fume (silicon manufacture)
 Fly Ash
 Class F (low calcium) - from burning
anthracite or bituminous coal, is pozzolanic
 Class C - from burning sub-bituminous or
lignite coal, is somewhat cementitious
Silica Fume Portland Silica
Cement Fume
 Also known as
micro-silica
 By-product of the
production of silicon
and ferrosilicon alloys.
 A small part of silica
fume can be used to
replace a large part
of cement
 Types of Cement
(ASTM
 Type I
C150 or AASHTO
Normal*
M85)
 Type II Moderate Heat and Sulfate*
 Type III High-Early Strength*
 Type IV Low Heat of Hydration
 Type V High Sulfate Resistance
Special Types of Cement
 Type IP Blended with a Pozzolan*
 Type IS Blended with a Slag
 Type I-II Meets Type I and II
standards*
 White Type I or III without Fe
 Masonry Blended Cements with Lime*
 Type K Expansive and Shrinkage
 Oil Well Slow-set, high temp. & press.