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Frans Knops
Mark Steggink
Irene Körbl
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CONTENTS
1) INTRODUCTION
2) ULTRAFILTRATION
3) DESIGNING AN UF SYSTEM
4) COMPONENTS OF AN UF PLANT
5) MEMBRANE FOULING AND CLEANING
6) TESTING AND VALIDATING FOR DRINKING WATER
7) NEW DEVELOPMENTS
8) EXAMPLES OF POTABLE WATER UF PLANTS
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INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS A MEMBRANE?
‐ A membrane is a selective physical barrier used to separate a stream (gases or liquids
and slurries) into its components based on their permeability through the barrier.
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ULTRAFILTRATION
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DESIGNING AN UF SYSTEM
INFORMATION REQUIRED:
• Feed Quality:
» Non ionics: turbidity, TSS, COD, TOC, color, silica
» Ionics: dissolved metals, alkalinity, silica
» Others: temperature, pH
• Capacity:
» Nominal flow
» Peak flow
• Other considerations:
» Redundancy
» Footprint
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COMPONENTS OF AN UF PLANT
COMPONENTS OF AN UF PLANT
• Pre-treatment
• Pre-screen
• UF skid
• Chemical dosing unit(s)
• Neutralisation unit
• Backwash unit
• CIP unit
• Post treatment (disinfection, RO etc)
• Membrane integrity test unit
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COMPONENTS OF AN UF PLANT
PRE-TREATMENT
• Pre-treatment is installed to:
» Remove particular foulants that UF is susceptible to. (e.g. Mn, Fe, FOG)
» Reduce size of UF plant by reducing TSS load.
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COMPONENTS OF AN UF PLANT
CHEMICAL DOSING UNITS
• For pH adjustment, CEB, in-line coagulant dosing and chemical
neutralisation
• Considerations:
» Chemical dosing sets should be overdesigned to cater for deterioration in
chemical stock concentration and fluctuating water quality
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MEMBRANE FOULING AND CLEANING
TYPES OF FOULING ON UF MEMBRANES:
• Cake formation
• Pore blocking
• Adsorption
• Concentration Polarization
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MEMBRANE FOULING AND CLEANING
CLEANING MODES:
• Backwash (BW)
• Relaxation
• Chemical Enhanced Backwash (CEB)
• Clean-In-Place (CIP)
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MEMBRANE FOULING AND CLEANING
BACKWASHING
• Reverse the flow of filtrate at higher flux for short duration to flush out foulants from membrane surface and pores.
• Effective against surface foulants, loose cake layer and partially effective against adsorbed foulants.
RELAXATION
• Short stoppages of filtration. (air scouring may run concurrently).
• Loosen cake layer and loosely attached foulants.
CLEAN-IN-PLACE
• Long duration, chemical cleaning involving recirculation-soak cycles.
• Use for recovery cleaning or with specialised chemicals for particular foulants.
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MEMBRANE FOULING AND CLEANING
UF CLEANING CHEMICALS
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TESTING AND VALIDATING
One of the main requirements of governments and drinking water companies
worldwide in providing drinking water: public safety
REQUIRED REMOVAL
• Bacteria (e.g. Fecal bacteria)
• Protozoa (e.g. Cryptosporidium and giardia)
• Viruses (e.g. Enteric viruses like hepatitis)
DIRECTIVES
• WHO
• European directive
• Long term 2 surface water treatment (USA)
APPROVALS
• Potable water approvals: UK, USA, F, D, NL, AUS, JAP, CN, RU
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TESTING AND VALIDATING
EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE
• Four EU Member States France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United
Kingdom Great Britain (4MS) announced in January 2011 that they have
formalized arrangements to work together on this important aspect of the
regulatory frameworks they have in place to ensure the hygienic safety of
drinking water.
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TESTING AND VALIDATING
4MS
The 4MS intend to adopt common, or directly comparable, practices for:
Transition period several years, in the meantime still national approvals required
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TESTING AND VALIDATING
Validating for safe use: leaching of toxic chemicals
Leaching
• USA NSF Std.61 (membrane module)
• UK DWI reg.31 (membrane module)
WRAS (ancillaries)
• F ACS (membrane module plus chemicals)
• D KTW, W270 DVGW (membrane fibers)
• NL KIWA ata (membrane module)
• CN MoH (membrane module)
• RU Federal Service (membrane module)
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TESTING AND VALIDATING
Testing for removal efficiency of microbiology
Challenge Testing
• USA: CDPH approval as Alternative Filtration Technology
Demonstration study with membrane module to show
microbiological reduction of 0.5 μm microspheres (conservative
Cryptosporidium/Giardia surrogate) and MS2 virus
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TESTING AND VALIDATING
Testing during operation
Testing methods
• Direct integrity testing: pressure decay
airflow
• Performance testing: spiking with indicator substance
non-spiked (naturally present matter)
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TESTING AND VALIDATING
Virus Like Particles (4.3 – 6.0 log)
versus
MS2 Phages (6.6 – 8.2 log)
VLP is conservative
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NEW DEVELOPMENTS
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HOLLOW FIBER NANOFILTRATION
Virus Like particles Virus Like Particles (5.1 log)
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ULTRAFILTRATION
DRINKING WATER PRODUCTION
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ROETGEN, GERMANY
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LOWER SELATAR WATER WORKS, SINGAPORE
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GOTEBORG VATTEN, SWEDEN
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
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