 Interaction of a closed system and its

surroundings
› Work transfer
› Heat transfer
 Energy interactions
 Work is one of basic modes of energy transfer.
 The action of a force on a moving body is
identified by work.
 Work is done by a force as it acts upon a body
moving in the direction of the force.
 In thermodynamics, work transfer is
considered as occurring between system and
the surroundings
 Work: The energy transfer associated with a
force acting through a distance.
› A rising piston
› Rotating shaft
› Electric wire crossing system boundaries
 Work is NOT a property
Work done BY a Work done ON a
system system
 Constant pressure process (Isobaric process)
𝑉2

𝑊1−2 = න 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = 𝑝 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝑉1

 Constant volume process (Isochoric process)

𝑉2

𝑊1−2 = න 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = 0
𝑉1
 Constant Temperature Process (Isothermal
Process)
› Process in which pV=C
 Polytrophic Process in which pVn=C, where n
is constant
 Moving boundary work (piston)
 The area under the process curve on a P-V diagram
representing the magnitude of work done during
expansion or compression process of a closed
system
 If the pressure is held constant the boundary
work equation is:
 An indicator diagram is a trace made by a
recording pressure gauge, called the indicator,
attached to the cylinder of a reciprocating
engine.
 This represents the work done in one engine
cycle.
 In an engine, there is a movement of piston.
The pressure applied by the piston can be
recorded by the attached pressure gauge.
 A pressure reference
line can be constructed
in an indicator diagram.
 Area under path 1 – 2
represents work done
by system.
 Area under path 2 – 1
represent work done on
system.
Electrical work

Shaft work

Paddle-wheel work or stirring work

Flow work

Work done in changing the area of a surface film

Magnetization of a paramagnetic solid

 When a current flows through a resistor, taken
as resistor, there is work transfer into a system.
 This is due to the current can drive a motor, the
motor can drive a pulley and the pulley can
raise a weight.
 When a shaft, taken as the system, is rotated
by a motor, there is work transfer into the
system.
 This is because the shaft can rotate a pulley
which can raise a weight, .
 Let, T is the torque applied to the shaft and dθ
is the angular displacement of the shaft.
 Then, the shaft work is,
2

𝑊 − න 𝑇 𝑑𝜃
1
 The shaft power is,
2
𝑑𝜃
𝑊ሶ = න 𝑇 = 𝑇𝜔
𝑑𝜏
1
Free expansion
Expansion of
gas against Not a quasi
vacuum static
•W=0 as no process
work crosses
the boundary
 Is the sum of work done by all the forces in the
system
 An escalator raises a 100kg bucket of sand 10
m in a minute. Determine the rate of work done
during the process
 A hydraulic cylinder has a piston with cross
sectional area of 0.0025m2, and fluid pressure
of 2MPa. If the piston moves by 0.25m, how
much work is done?
 A stationary mass of gas is compressed
without friction from an initial state of 0.3m3
and 0.105MPa to a final state of 0.15m3 and
0.105MPa, the pressure remained constant
during the process. What is the work done in
the process?
 Heat

•The form of energy that can

be transferred from one
system to another as a result
of temperature difference.
 Heat transfer

•Deals with the determination

of the rates of such energy
transfer as well as variation
of temperature
In thermodynamics, concern is given to the amount of
heat transfer as a system undergoes a process from
one equilibrium state to another.

The transfer of energy as heat is always from higher-

temperature medium to the lower-temperature one.

Heat transfer stops when the two mediums reach the

same temperature.
3 Transfer of heat through
modes Conduction a fluid (liquid or gas)
caused by molecular
of heat motion
transfer Transfer of heat or
Convection electric current from one
substance to another by
direct contact

Energy that is radiated or

Radiation transmitted in form of
rays or waves or particles
 Like displacement
work, the heat transfer
can be expressed as
integral product of
property T as follows:
2 2

𝑄1−2 = න 𝒹𝑄 = න 𝑇𝑑𝑋
1 1
 Valid for quasi-static
process only.
 The specific heat, 𝑐, of a substance is defined
as the amount of heat required to raise a unit
mass of the substance through unit rise in
temperature.
𝑄 𝐸
𝑐= =
𝑚 ⋅ Δ𝑇 𝑚 ⋅ Δ𝑇
 Where
› Q is the amount of heat transfer (J)
› 𝑚 is the mass of substance (kg)
› ΔT is the rise in temperature (K)
 Latent heat is the amount of heat transfer
required to cause a phase change in unit mass
of a substance at a constant pressure and
temperature.
 Determine the quantity of heat energy required
to raise the temperature of 10kg of water from
00C to 500C. Assume specific heat capacity of
water is 4200J/(kg0C).
 Ans:2100kJ
 Some copper, having a mass of 20kg, cools
from a temperature of 120oC to 70oC. If the
specific heat capacity of copper is 390J/(kgoC),
how much heat energy is lost by the copper?
 Ans: -390kJ
 A block of aluminum having a specific heat
capacity of 950J/(kg oC) is heated from 60oC to
its melting point at 660oC. If the quantity of
heat required is 2.85MJ, determine the mass
of the aluminum block.
 Ans:5kg