Types of solutions

Concentrations
Solubilities
 Solution Terminology

Miscible - soluble in each other in all

proportions
Solute: substance being dissolved
Solvent: substance doing the dissolving
 Forces in Solution

 Like dissolves like

 Nonpolar compounds dissolve best
in nonpolar solvents
» Oil and gasoline mix
 Polar compounds dissolve best in
polar solvents
» Water and HCl mix
Types of Solutions
 Concentration Units
g solute
mass % = x 100
g solution

e.g. 100 g of 5% NaCl(aq) =

5 g NaCl + 95 g H2O

(96.7 mL !!)
 Concentration Units

molarity (M) = moles of solute

1L of solution

temperature dependent
 Concentration Units

molality (m) = moles of solute

1 kg of solvent
independent of T, V
e.g. [HCl(aq)] = 2.0 m,  = 1.033 g/mL.

Find M.
 Concentration Units

1. 2.0 m = 2.0 mol HCl / kg solvent

2. 2.0 mol HCl = 2 x 36.5 = 73.0 g HCl
3. Solution mass = 73.0 + 1000.0 g
= 1073.0 g
4. solution volume = 1073.0 g / 1.033 g/mL
= 1039 mL
5. M = 2.0 mol / 1.039 L = 1.92 M
 Concentration Units
g solute
mass % = x 100
g solution
molarity (M) = moles solute
L solution
molality (m) = moles solute
kg solvent
nA
mole fraction of A = XA = n +n
 Concentration Units

nA
mole fraction of A = XA = nA + nB
independent of T, V
often used for gases,
e.g. [HCl] = 2.0 m
Find XHCl
 Concentration Units
e.g. [HCl] = 2.0 m
Find XHCl
1. nHCl = 2.0 mol
2. nH2O = 1000 g / 18.0 g mol-1 = 55.5 mol
2.0
3. XHCl = = 0.0348
2.0 + 55.5
55.5
4. XH2O = = 0.965 ( = 1 - XHCl )
2.0 + 55.5
 Factors that affect
Rate of Dissolving Solids

1. Temperature As To , rate

2. particle size As size , rate

3. More mixing, rate

mixing

4. nature of solvent or solute

 Factors affecting (in
Explaining ) Solubility

1- Nature of the solute and solvent

In most cases, “like dissolves like.”
This means that polar solvents dissolve
polar (or ionic) solutes and nonpolar
solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes.
The relative force of attraction of the
solute for the solvent is a major factor in
their solubility.
 Ionic Solutions

Polar solvents, such as water, also

interact well with ionic solutes.
Since ionic compounds are the extreme in polarity,
we can illustrate the electrostatic attractions of water
for cations and anions. (see Figures 12.7 and 12.8)
H H H H
 O  +  O   O  -  O 
H H H H
 Factors affecting (in
Explaining ) Solubility
2- Temperature
The solubility of solutes is very temperature
dependent.
For gases dissolved in liquids, as temperature
increases, solubility decreases.
On the other hand, for most solids dissolved in
liquids, solubility increases as temperature
increases. (see Figure 12.10)
 Factors affecting (in
Explaining ) Solubility

3- Pressure
- Rise of pressure increase solubility of gas
in liquids
- It has a little effect on solubility of both
liquids and solids
Ex 1:A solution containing 121 g of Zn(NO3)2 per 1 L has a density of 1.107 g/mL.
Calculate:
(a) mass percent of Zn(NO3)2 in the solution.
(b) the mole fraction of Zn(NO3)2.
(c) the molar concentration of the solution.
(d) the molal concentration of the solution.
Zn = 65.4, N = 14, O = 16, H = 1
Ex 2: What is the molality of a 1.0 M H2SO4 solution whose density is 1.05 g mL-1
Ex 3:A solution of Na2CO3 was prepared, containing 14.0% Na2CO3 by
mass.
What is the mole fraction of Na2CO3 in this solution?
C = 12, H = 1, Na = 23, O = 16
Ex 4:If the density of the previous solution is 1.05 g mL -1, calculate its molarity
Ex 5:A solution prepared from 96.0 g of nonvolatile, nondissociating solute in 5.25
mole toluene has a vapour pressure of 16.31 kPa at 60 oC. What is the
molecular weight of the solute? (V.P. of pure toluene at 60 oC is 18.63 kPa)
Ex 6: Heptane, C7H16, has a vapour pressure of 791 torr at 100 oC. At the same
temp., octane, C8H18, has a vapour pressure of 352 torr. What will be the vapour
pressure in torr, of a mixture of 25.0 g of heptane and 35.0 g of octane. Assume
ideal behaviour.
1- Calculate the weight per cent of each component of a solution which
contains 40.10 gm of sodium chloride, 20.20 gm of methyl alcohol and
100.20 grams of water. Also calculate the molarity of sodium chloride and
methyl alcohol for the solution assuming that the density of the solution is
1.1 grams/ml. (M Wt of NaCl &CH3OH are 58.5 &32 respectively).

2- the vapour pressure of pure water at 20 oC is 17.5 mmHg and for alcohol is
44 mmHg at the same temperature. Calculate the total vapour pressure of
solution. If the two liquids are mixed by a mole fraction of 0.50
3- A solution of miscible
 Solution of liquid in liquid

1- Completely miscible liquids

2- Partially miscible liquids
3- Immiscible liquids
State of equilibrium
C=2
P = 2 (liquid & vapour)
Phase rule requires that F = C-P+2
F = 2-2+2 = 2
Two variable(degree of freedom) temp & pressure
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 Solution of liquid in liquid

1- boiling point : a point equilibrium between vapour and liquid state at which the
vapour pressure of liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure
2- volatility inversely proportion to boiling points
3- total vapour pressure PT = PA+PB
PT = PA+PB = PoA . XA + PoB . XB
XA + X B = 1
XA = nA/(nA+nB)

State of equilibrium
C=2
P = 2 (liquid & vapour)
Phase rule requires that F = C-P+2
F = 2-2+2 = 2
Two variable(degree of freedom) temp & pressure
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 Ideal solution

Characteristics of ideal solution:

1- the force of attraction between all molecules are identical
i.e. the attraction force is not affected by addition of other
components A-A=B-B=A-b
2- No heat is evolved or absorbed during mixing
3- the volume of solution is the sum of volumes of the two liquids
4- the solution obeys Rault’s law
“ at constant temperature the partial vapour pressure of liquid
component in ideal solution is proportional to the mole fraction
of this constituent in solution”
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 Vapor Pressure of Ideal
Solution
PAo PBo PA + PB

Total pressure (PA + PB)

PAo

Solvent A Solvent B A+ B PBo

PA = PA xA o.

Raoult’s Law
PA = PAo.xA,, PB = PBo.xB PB = PBo.xB

Solvent pressure lowering

(PAo- PA)/PAo = xB
0 0.5 1.0

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Mole fraction of B (xB)
 Raoult’s Law

PA  X P , PB  X P
o
A A B B
o

P  PA  PB  X P  X P o
A A B B
o

X A  XB 1
P  X A P  1  X A  P
o
A B
o

P  X AP  P  X P
o
A B
o
A B
o

P  P  P P XA
B
o
 o
A B
o

P  PBo
XA  , X B  1 X A

PAo  PBo 
 The Composition of the vapour

From Dalton’s law of partial pressure

PA PB
YA  , YB 
P P
o
X A PA
YA  o , YB  1  YA
 
PB  PA  PB X A
o o
Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Solutions

Some mixtures obey Raoult’s law very well, especially

when the components are chemically similar.
P Pressure
* Benzene
PB
P Total
PB
P * methylbenzene
C
PC
0 1
xBl 0 1
Mole fraction of methylbenzene, x(C6H5CH3)
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