Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
May 5 , 2002
Outline
2
Airline Schedule Planning Process
Schedule Design
Fleet Assignment
Maintenance Routing
Crew Scheduling
3
Airline Operations
Many reasons can cause delays
Severe weather conditions, unexpected aircraft and personnel
failures, congested traffic, etc.
4
Flight Delays & Cancellations
Future:
Air traffic in US is expected to double in the next 10-15 years
(Schaefer et al. (2001))
Each 1% increase in air traffic a 5% increase in delays
(Schaefer et al. (2001))
Lead to more frequent and serious delay and schedule
disruptions 5
Passenger Disruptions
8
How to Deal with Schedule Disruptions
9
Challenges of Building Robust Plans
10
Definitions of Robustness
Minimize cost
Minimize aircraft/passenger/crew delays and
disruptions
Easy to recover (aircraft, crew, passengers)
Isolate disruptions and reduce the downstream
impact
11
Robust Airline Schedule Planning
Rosenberger,
Fleet Assignment et al. (2001)
12
Where Should We Start?
13
Outline
f1’
f1
MTT f2 f2’
15
Propagated Delay vs. Independent Delay
16
Definitions
TDD
i i’’
i’ PD IDD
PDT ADT
PAT AAT
PTTij PDT j PATi PD IAD
Slack ij PTTij MTT TAD
18
Illustration of the Idea
f1’ MTT
f1
f2
MTT f3 f3’ f4
Original routing
f1’ MTT
f1
f2
MTT f3 f4
New routing
19
Modeling Issues
21
String Based Formulation
min E ( ( pd ijs ) xs )
s ( i , j )s
s.t :
a
sS
is xs 1, i F
s i ,d i ,d 0, i F
x y
y
sS i
s i ,a i ,a 0, i F
x y
y
sS i
r x
sS
s s pg yg N
gG
y g 0, g G
xs {0,1}, s S
22
Objective Function Coefficient
IP solution
A special branching strategy: branching on follow-ons (Ryan and
Foster 1981, Barnhart et al. 1998)
24
Computational Results
Test Networks
25
Results - Delays
26
Results - Delay Distribution
27
Results - Passenger Disruptions
28
Outline
30
Definitions Related to Passenger
Disruption
ACT
PCT
31
Minimize Passenger Missed Connections
32
Illustration of the Idea
Airport A
f1 P (misconnect)= 0.3,
E(disrupted pax) = 30
Airport B
f
f2
2
P(misconnect)=0.2,
Airport C E(disrupted pax) =20
f3
Airport D
Expected disrupted passengers reduced: 10
33
Where to Apply
Constraints:
For each flight, exactly one copy will be selected.
For each connection, exactly one copy will be selected and this
selected copy must connect the selected flight-leg copies.
The current fleeting and routing solution cannot be altered.
f i ,1 fi,2 f i ,3
xij, 2, 3
xij,1,1
f j ,1 f j,2 f j ,3
35
Connection-Based Formulation
Min E xin , jm DPin , jm Theorem 1:
i , n , j , m
The second set of constraints
s.t.
are redundant and can be
f
n
i ,n 1, i; relaxed
x
m n
in , j m 1, i, j; Theorem 2:
x in , j m f i ,n , i, n, j C (i ); The integrality of the connection
m variables can be relaxed
x
n
in , j m f j ,m , j , m, i C ( j );
36
Alternative Connection-based
Formulations
x
n m
in , j m 1, i, j;
x in , j m 1, i, j;
m n
x in , j m
C (i ) f i ,n , i, n; xin , jm f i ,n f j ,m 1, i, n, j C (i ), m;
jC ( i ) m
Theorems on constraints:
The second set of constraints are redundant and can be relaxed
in formulations two and three
The integrality constraints of the connection variables can be
relaxed in formulations two and three
Theorem on LP relaxations
The LP relaxation of formulation one is at least as strong as those
of formulations two and three
38
Problem Size
xij, 2, 3
xij,1,1
f j ,1 f j,2 f j ,3 40
Solution Approach
Distribution of DPi , j n m
c , with prob p
DPin , jm i , j
0, with prob 1 p
Probility p can be determined by considerin g
- - prob ADT jm AATin MCT
Branch-and-Price
41
Computational Results
Network
We use the same four networks, but add all flights together and
form one network with total 278 flights.
42
Computational Results
43
Computational Results
44
Computational Results
45
Outline
46
Summary of Contributions
Integrated Models
Integrated robust aircraft maintenance routing with fleet
assignment
Robust aircraft maintenance routing with time window
Integrated flight schedule re-timing with FAMTW
Other approaches
Fleet assignment with minimal expected cost
Fleet assignment under demand uncertainty
Aircraft routes with swap opportunities
Aircraft routes with short cycles
48
Computational Results
49
Impact on Passengers
50
Passenger Delays and Disruptions
Passenger delays
the difference between scheduled and actual arrival time at
passengers’ destination
51
Passenger Disruption
Disrupted passengers
Significant numbers: 4% 20-30 million in U.S.
Experience very long delay
Contribute to more than half of the total passenger delay
Cause huge revenue loss
Destroy airlines’ image
52
LP Solution
53
Notation
54
Notation (Cont.)
55
Data
56
Effect of Cancellations
58
Extensions
59