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By,
Anup Patel (07305042)
Tanmay Mande (07305051)
Sapan Shah (07305061)
Nilesh Padariya (07305064)
Middle Agent
Trustworthiness
Reasoning
Knowledge Sharing
Knowledge
Representation
1.2 Tree of Knowledge Technologies
Content
Semantic Management
Technology Languages
Languages
Process
Knowledge
AI Knowledge Languages
Representation
Software
Modeling
Languages
2. Ontologies in Semantic Web
What? .. Is an ontology
Example:
. <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=“isFatherOf">
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#man"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="#man"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
2.4 OWL constructs (Contd.)
Property Restrictions: used when one requires to put some
constraints
Example:
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#isFatherOf"/>
<owl:maxCardinality rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger">
1
</owl:maxCardinality>
</owl:Restriction>
Possible Use:
A ‘is father of’ X & B ‘is father of’ X ‘A = B’
2.5 Example
Interested in Buying a Ticket?
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“airTicket">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#ticket"/>
</owl:Class>
"Relationship
<TravelAgent between
rdf:ID=“TravelEasy" <owl:Class
ticket and airTicket?" rdf:ID=“airTicket">
<airTicket>
Web <rdfs:subClassOf
…
Agent rdf:resource="#ticket"/>
</airTicket>
</TravelAgent> “airTicket is a type </owl:Class>
of ticket." Travel.owl
TravelAgent.xml
2.6 Example (Contd.)
Relationship between start-point and source?
This OWL statement tells the Web agent that Start-point is
equivalent to source:
<owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID=“start-point">
<owl:equivalentProperty rdf:resource="#source"/>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#place"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="&xsd;#airplane"/>
</owl:DatatypeProperty>
<owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID=“date">
<owl:equivalentProperty rdf:resource="#date_of_journey"/>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#airplane"/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="&xsd;#Date"/>
</owl:DatatypeProperty>
2.6 Example (Contd.)
The Web agent now recognizes that the XML document it
found at the Web site
Is talking about tickets
It does show the start-point and end-point
It does show a date
Values are matching
- Autonomy
- Reasoning Ability
- Learning Ability
- Mobility
- Sociability
- Cooperation
- Negotiation
3.1 Agent Definition (Contd..)
From semantic web point of view agents can be thought
of as intelligent software program that host a collection
of web services.
Service Matchmaker:
Service Matchmaker
4.1 Middle Agent Architecture (Contd.)
Service Broker:
Service Broker
4.1 Middle Agent Architecture (Contd.)
A variety of middle agent types based on privacy considerations
of service providers capabilities and requesters preferences are
possible.
- Centralized (Client-Server)
- Decentralized (Peer-to-Peer)
- Hybrid (Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer)
4.2 Network Architecture (Contd.)
Centralized (Client-Server):
4.2 Network Architecture (Contd.)
In Client-Server system, a centralized server is used to
manage the shared resources.
More Examples:
performative = request
content = “the door is closed”
speech act = “please close the door”
performative = inquire
content = “the door is closed”
speech act = “is the door closed ?”
5.4 ACL Examples
Communication is performed by exchanging messages
where each message has an associated performative-
message types.
- KQML
- FIPA-ACL.
5.5 FIPA-ACL Performative Ontology
5.6 Basic Problem of FIPA-ACL
Semantics Verification Problem
Sincerity Assumption – agent always acts in accordance
with their intentions.
As a Protocol it uses:
- HTTP binding
- SOAP binding
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<sparql xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/sparql-results#">
<head>
</head>
<results>
<boolean>true</boolean>
</results>
</sparql>
6.9 More Features
RDF Dataset
- Collection of RDF Graphs
- use FROM <http://planetrdf.com/bloggers.rdf>
& FROM NAMED <http://site1.example.com/foo.rdf>
No aggregation functions
7. Semantic Web Status
Semantic
Communication Standard ? Applications
Web Layer
- Used for interoperability
SOAP,
XML YES Within application.
XML-RPC
- Web services.
- To and from converter
RDF SPARQL YES and many editors
- Over 107 RDF Documents
- FOAF, DOAP, Dublin
OWL OWLQL NO Core, Music Ontology, etc
are some famous ontology
Rules / ????
SWRL YES
Queries
- Jena, Racer, and Pellet
Logic & Proof DIG NO
are some of the projects
- http://www.wikipedia.org/Semantic_Web
- http://www.cs.cmu.edu/%7Esoftagents/middle.html
- Agency and Semantic Web, By Christopher Walton,
Oxford Press.
- Explorers Guide To Semantic Web, By Thomas B. P.,
Manning Publication.
9. Bibliography (Contd.)
Agent Communication
SPARQL
- http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-rdf-sparql-query-20070614/
- http://www.dajobe.org/2004/01/turtle/
Questions ……..??
Thank You ……..