EE 369

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 7
Transmission Line Models
Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick

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 Announcements
• For lectures 7 to 10 read Chapters 5 and 3.
• HW 6 is problems 5.14, 5.16, 5.19, 5.26, 5.31, 5.32,
5.33, 5.36; case study questions chapter 5 a, b, c, d,
is due Thursday, 10/6.
• Power plant tour is 10/6.
• Instead of coming to class, go to UT power plant.
Turn in homework at beginning of tour.
• Homework 7 is 5.8, 5.15, 5.17, 5.24, 5.27, 5.28,
5.29, 5.34, 5.37, 5.38, 5.43, 5.45; due 10/20.
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 Transmission Line Models
 Previous lectures have covered how to calculate
the distributed series inductance, shunt
capacitance, and series resistance of
transmission lines:
– That is, we have calculated the inductance L,
capacitance C, and resistance r per unit length,
– We can also think of the shunt conductance g per
unit length,
– Each infinitesimal length dx of transmission line
consists of a series impedance rdx + jωLdx and a
shunt admittance gdx + jωCdx,
 In this section we will use these distributed
parameters to develop the transmission line
models used in power system analysis.
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Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit
•Our model of an infinitesimal length of
transmission line is shown below:

dx Ldx
Units on
z and y are
dx
per unit
length!

For operation at frequency w, let z = r + jw L

and y = g + jwC (with g usually equal to 0)
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Derivation of V, I Relationships
dx Ldx

dx

We can then derive the following relationships:

dV = I ( x ) z dx
dI = (V ( x ) + dV ) y dx � V ( x ) y dx,
on neglecting the dVdx term,
dV dI
( x) = z I ( x) ( x ) = yV ( x )
dx dx 5
Setting up a Second Order Equation
dV dI
( x) = z I ( x) ( x ) = yV ( x )
dx dx
We can rewrite these two, first order differential
equations as a single second order equation
d 2V dI
2
( x ) = z ( x ) = zyV ( x )
dx dx
d 2V
2
( x ) - zyV ( x ) = 0
dx

6
V, I Relationships, cont’d

Define the propagation constant g as

g = yz = a + j b
where
a = the attenuation constant
b = the phase constant

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 Equation for Voltage
The general equation for V is
V ( x ) = k1eg x + k2 e -g x ,
which can be rewritten as
eg x + e -g x eg x - e - g x
V ( x ) = ( k1 + k2 )( ) + ( k1 - k2 )( )
2 2
Let K1 = k1 + k2 and K 2 = k1 - k2 . Then
eg x + e -g x eg x - e -g x
V ( x ) = K1 ( ) + K2 ( )
2 2
= K1 cosh(g x ) + K 2 sinh(g x )
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 Real Hyperbolic Functions
For real g x, the cosh and sinh functions have
the following form:
cosh(g x ) sinh(g x )

d cosh(g x) dsinh(g x)
= g sinh(g x) = g cosh(g x)
dx dx
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Complex Hyperbolic Functions
For complex g x = aˆ + j bˆ
cosh(g x ) = cosh aˆ cos bˆ + j sinh aˆ sin bˆ
sinh(g x ) = sinh aˆ cos bˆ + j cosh aˆ sin bˆ
Make sure your calculator handles sinh and
cosh of complex numbers.
You will need this for homework and for the
mid-term!

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 Determining Line Voltage
The voltage along the line is determined based upon
the current/voltage relationships at the terminals.
Assuming we know V and I at one end (say the
"receiving end" with VR and I R where x = 0) we can
determine the constants K1 and K 2 , and hence the
voltage at any point on the line.
We will mostly be interested in the voltage and
current at the other, "sending end," of the line.

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Determining Line Voltage, cont’d
V ( x ) = K1 cosh(g x ) + K 2 sinh(g x )
V (0) = VR = K1 cosh(0) + K 2 sinh(0)
Since cosh(0) = 1 & sinh(0) = 0 � K1 = VR
dV ( x )
= zI ( x ) = K1g sinh(g x ) + K 2g cosh(g x )
dx
zI R IR z z
� K2 = = = IR
g yz y
V ( x ) = VR cosh(g x ) + I R Z c sinh(g x )
z
where Z c = = characteristic impedance
y 12
 Determining Line Current
By similar reasoning we can determine I ( x)
VR
I ( x ) = I R cosh(g x ) + sinh(g x )
Zc
where x is the distance along the line from the
receiving end.
Pout
Define transmission efficiency as h = ;
Pin
that is, efficiency means the real power out (delivered)
divided by the real power in.
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 Transmission Line Example
Assume we have a 765 kV transmission line with
a receiving end voltage of 765 kV (line to line),
a receiving end power S R = 2000 + j1000 MVA and
z = 0.0201 + j 0.535 = 0.535а 87.8 W
mile
y = j 7.75 �10-6 = 7.75 �10-6 �90.0�S
mile
Then
g ==�а
zy 2.036 10-3 88.9 / mile
z
Zc = = 262.7 а -1.1 W
y 14
Transmission Line Example, cont’d
Do per phase analysis, using single phase power
and line to neutral voltages. Then
VR = 765 = 441.7а 0 kV
3
*
6�
�(2000 + j1000) �10
IR = � 3 �
= 1688�- 26.6�A
�3 �а�
441.7 0 10 �
V ( x) = VR cosh(g x) + I R Z c sinh(g x)
2.036+ 10-3 88.9 )
= 441,700а 0 cosh( x ��а
27.7 sinh( x 2.036 10-3 88.9 )
443,440�-����а
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Transmission Line Example, cont’d
Squares and crosses show real and reactive power flow, where
a positive value of flow means flow to the left.

Receiving end Sending end

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 Lossless Transmission Lines
For a lossless line the characteristic impedance, Z c ,
is known as the surge impedance.
jw L L
Zc = = W (a real value)
jwC C
If a lossless line is terminated in impedance Z c then:
VR
Zc =
IR
Then I R Z c = VR so we get...

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Lossless Transmission Lines
V ( x) = VR cosh(g x) + I R Z c sinh(g x),
= VR cosh g x + VR sinh g x,
= VR (cosh g x + sinh g x).
VR
I ( x) = I R cosh(g x) + sinh(g x)
Zc
VR VR
= cosh g x + sinh g x,
Zc Zc
VR
= (cosh g x + sinh g x)
Zc
V ( x)
That is, for every location x, = Zc .
I ( x) 18
 Lossless Transmission Lines
Since the line is lossless this implies that for every location x,
the real power flow is constant. Therefore:
Real power flow = �(V ( x ) I ( x )*) = �( Z c I ( x ) I ( x )*) =
�( Z c | I ( x ) |2 ) = Z c | I ( x ) |2 is constant and equals Z c | I (0) |2 .
Therefore, at each x, I ( x ) = I (0) = I R .
V ( x)
So, since = Zc , V ( x ) = V (0) = VR and
I ( x)
2
V ( x)
Define to be the "surge impedance loading" (SIL).
Zc
If load power P > SIL then line consumes VArs;
otherwise, the line generates VArs. 19
 Transmission Matrix Model
•Often we are only interested in the terminal
characteristics of the transmission line.
Therefore we can model it as a “black box:”
IS IR
+ Transmission +
VS Line
VR
- -

� VS � �A B �� VR �
With � �= � �� ,
�
� IS � � C D �� IR �
where A, B, C , D are determined from general equation
noting that VS and I S correspond to x equaling length of line.
Assume length of line is l. 20
Transmission Matrix Model, cont’d
�VS � �A B �� VR �
With � �= � �� �
I
�S � � C D I
��R �
Use voltage/current relationships to solve for A, B, C , D
VS = V (l ) = VR cosh g l + Z c I R sinh g l
VR
I S = I (l ) = I R cosh g l + sinh g l
Zc
�cosh g l Z c sinh g l �
�A B � � �
T = � �= 1
�C D � � sinh g l cosh g l �
�Zc �
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 Equivalent Circuit Model
A circuit model is another "black box" model.
We will try to represent as a p equivalent circuit.

To do this, we’ll use the T matrix values to derive the

parameters Z' and Y' that match the behavior of the
equivalent circuit to that of the T matrix.
We do this by first finding the relationship between
sending and receiving end for the equivalent circuit. 22
Equivalent Circuit Parameters
VS - VR Y'
- VR = I R
Z' 2
� Z 'Y ' �
VS = � 1+ VR + Z ' I R
�
� 2 �
Y' Y'
I S = VS + VR + I R
2 2
� Z 'Y ' � � Z 'Y ' �
IS = Y '� 1+ �VR + �1+ �I R
� 4 � � 2 �
� 1 + Z 'Y ' Z ' �
�VS � � 2 ��VR �
� � = � �� �
� I S � � � Z 'Y ' � � Z 'Y ' � � IR �
�
Y '�1+ � �1+ �
�� 4 �� 2 � � 23
Equivalent circuit parameters
We now need to solve for Z ' and Y '.
Solve for Z ' using B element:
B = Z C sinh g l = Z '
Then using A we can solve for Y '
Z 'Y '
A = coshg l = 1 +
2
Y' cosh g l - 1 1 gl
= = tanh
2 Z c sinh g l Z c 2

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 Simplified Parameters
These values can be simplified as follows:
z l zl
Z ' = Z C sinh g l = sinh g l
y l zl
sinh g l
=Z with Z @zl (recalling g = zy )
gl
Y' 1 gl y l yl gl
= tanh = tanh
2 Zc 2 z l yl 2

tanh gl
Y 2
= with Y @yl
2 gl
2 25
 Simplified Parameters
For medium lines make the following approximations:
sinh g l
Z' = Z (assumes �1)
gl
Y' Y tanh(g l / 2)
= (assumes �1)
2 2 gl/2
sinhγl tanh(γl/2)
Length
γl γl/2
50 miles 0.998а� -� 1.001
0.02 0.01
100 miles 0.993а� -� 1.004
0.09 0.04
200 miles 0.972а� -� 1.014
0.35 0.18
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 Three Line Models
Long Line Model (longer than 200 miles)
tanh gl
sinh g l Y ' Y 2
use Z ' = Z , =
gl 2 2 gl
2
Medium Line Model (between 50 and 200 miles)
Y
use Z and
2
Short Line Model (less than 50 miles)
use Z (i.e., assume Y is zero)
The long line model is always correct.
The other models are usually good approximations
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for the conditions described.
 Power Transfer in Short Lines
•Often we'd like to know the maximum power that
could be transferred through a short transmission line
+
I1 Transmission I2 +
Line with
V1 S12 Impedance Z S21 V2
- -
*
V1 - V2 �
�
S12 = V1I1*
= V1 � �
� Z �
with V1 = V1 �q1, V2 = V2 �q 2 , Z = Z �q Z
2
V1 V1 V2
S12 = �q Z - �(q Z + q12 )
Z Z 28
 Power Transfer in Lossless Lines
If we assume a line is lossless with impedance jX and
are just interested in real power transfer then:
2
V1 V1 V2
P12 + jQ12 = а 90 - а (90 + q12 )
Z Z
Since - cos(90�+ q12 ) = sin q12 , we get
V1 V2
P12 = sin q12
X
Hence the maximum power transfer is
V1 V2
P12Max = ,
X
This power transfer limit is called
the steady-state stability limit. 29
Limits Affecting Max. Power Transfer
 Thermal limits
– limit is due to heating of conductor and hence depends
heavily on ambient conditions.
– For many lines, sagging is the limiting constraint.
– Newer conductors/materials limit can limit sag.
– Trees grow, and will eventually hit lines if they are planted
under the line,
– Note that thermal limit is different to the steady-state
stability limit that we just calculated:
– Thermal limits due to losses,
– Steady-state stability limit applies even for lossless line!
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Tree Trimming: Before

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Tree Trimming: After

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 Other Limits Affecting Power Transfer

 Angle limits
– while the maximum power transfer (steady-state
stability limit) occurs when the line angle
difference is 90 degrees, actual limit is
substantially less due to interaction of multiple
lines in the system
 Voltage stability limits
– as power transfers increases, reactive losses
increase as I2X. As reactive power increases the
voltage falls, resulting in a potentially cascading
voltage collapse.
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