Networking concepts and

hardware
Basic Communications Model
Standards are needed at all Layers
User Layer

Application Layer

Computer (Transport) Layer

Transmission Layer
 Subnet Layer
Station A Station B

2
1 2

1 4
3

Transmission of Messages
1. Within a Single Subnet, or
2. in Point-to-Point Links Between Subnets
 Internet Layer
Station A Station B

1 4
3

Routing of Messages
Across multiple subnets in an internet
 Internetting
Station A Station B

1 4
3

internet: collection of subnets such that any station

on any subnet can communicate with any other
station on any other subnet simply by giving the
internet address of the other station.
 Layering in Major Architectures

Basic Model TCP/IP IPX/SPX OSI

Application (7)
Application Application Application
Presentation (6)

Computer Transport: Complex: Session (5)

(Transport) TCP, etc. SPX, etc. Transport (4)

Internet Internet Internet Network (3):

Internet &
Subnet
Subnet Subnet Subnet
Data Link (2)
(OSI) (OSI) (OSI)
Physical (1)
 LANs, MANs, & WANs

 LAN
– Local area network
– Single office, building, campus
– 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps to the desktop common
– 1 Gbps coming
 Will carry most traffic, because most traffic is
local
 PC Networking on a small LAN

Each client and server needs a NIC

rather than a modem

Network Interface
Card (NIC)

In each PC
 LANs, MANs, & WANs

 WAN
– Wide area network
– Intercity, international
– 9,600 bps to 1 Mbps common to the desktop
– Links with higher speed are usually shared
(multiplexed) by several desktops
 Emerged before LANs, due to high cost of long-
distance telephone charges
Microsoft Layered Network
Architecture
7. Application User Mode
6. Presentation Kernel Mode

5. Session NetBIOS driver Redirectors Servers WinSock driver

Transport Driver Interface Streams

4. Transport

3. Network
Transport Protocols
2. Data Link
LLC NDIS Interface Streams
MAC Network Adapter Card Drivers
1. Physical Network Interface Card
 Some basic concepts
 NDIS Interface: Network Driver Specification Interface, wraps
NIC drivers and allow communication with multiple protocols,
binds a NIC to a protocol.
 Streams: multiple channels allowing broader bandwidth for data
transfer, envelop the protocols.
 Transport Driver Interface: allows software drivers (server,
redirector, etc) to communicate with protocols.
 Redirectors: software in WS that redirect network drives,
printers requests to network I/O requests.
 Servers: software that allows a device to accept requests from
other devices.
 Standard protocols
 NetBEUI - NetBIOS Extended User Interface, “native”
Windows protocol, not routable.
 TCP/IP - implemented through WinSock, routable,
supports SNMP, DHCP, WINS.
 NWLink (IPX/SPX) - used to connect to Novell
NetWare, just a protocol, not access.
 DLC - Data Link Control, used to connect to IBM
mainframes and HP printers directly connected to a
network (server).
 Data Link Layer
OSI Logical Link Control Layer
Data Link
Layer
(Layer 2) Media Access Control (MAC) Layer

OSI 802.3 802.5 802.5

Other
Physical 802.3 802.3 Other Physical Physical
Physical
Layer 10Base-T 10Base-5 Physical Layer Layer
Layer
Layer 4 Mbps 16 Mbps
(Layer 1)

OSI Data Link Layer is subdivided into two layers

Media access control
Logical link control
 LAN Using Ethernet 10Base-T
RJ-45 jacks
10Base-T Hub (Multiport Repeater)

10Base-T
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Wiring UTP Wiring
(4-Pair Bundle) Bundles:
4 Pairs
EIA
Category
3, 4, or 5

PC Network
Interface
Card
NIC RJ-45
Jack
 NICs
 Network Interface Cards

– Implement Physical Layer

– Plug and Electrical Signaling

– Implements the Data Link Layer (data packaging,

access control, etc.)
– LLC (802.2)
– MAC (802.3 MAC)
 Wiring
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
– Twisted several times per foot to reduce
interference, T in 10Base- and Unshielded
– No protection except for plastic coating
– Distance limitation: 100 meters (attenuation, distortion, noise and
interference, crosstalk) -- propagation

 Categories of UTP Wiring

– Category 5: The best. Good for 100 Mbps
– Category 3 and 4: lower. May be OK for 100 Mbps
 Wiring Plugs: RJ-45 Standard
– Similar to home (RJ-11) jacks, but wider
CSMA/CD Media Access Control
 CD: Collision Detection
– If two stations transmit at once ….
– Their signals collide, scrambling one another
– Because each sender listens (senses the carrier),
both know that there has been a collision
– Both stop and wait a random amount of time.
101010 001110
X
Collision
 Ethernet 10Base-T LAN with Multiple
Hubs
Hub 2 Hub 3

Hub 1
UTP
Wire
UTP UTP
Wire Wire UTP Station
Wire Hub 4 C
Daisy chain,
no Loops
Station Station allowed! UTP Wire
A B Maximum distance
Station
between farthest Stations is D
4 Hubs/5 100 meter segments
 Switches
With a switch, multiple
stations may transmit
simultaneously: no Switch
congestion as traffic
grows.

Station
Station
Connection 1 C
A
A-C

Connection 1
A-C Station
Station Connection 2 D
B B-D

Connection 2
B-D
 Wireless LAN

Broadcast Antenna
Signal

Cluster
Transceiver
Receiving
Transceiver
Transmitting

Hub Controller
Transceiver
Receiving
Wireless LAN
 Wireless LAN with Access Points
Access Point

Industry
Standard
Coffee
Cup Wireless
Notebook
NIC

Antenna
PC Card To Ethernet
(Fan)
Connector Switch
802.11 Wireless LAN Speeds
 802.11 2 Mbps (rare)
2.4 GHz band (limited in bandwidth)
 802.11b 11 Mbps,
2.4 GHz
3 channels/access point
 802.11a 54 Mbps,
5 GHz (> bandwidth than 2.4 GHz)
11 channels/access point
 802.11g 54 Mbps,
2.4 GHz
limited bandwidth
 Addresses
 Ethernet address (MAC address )
 48-bit unique addresses hard wired in NICs (280 trillion)
 12 hex numbers, e.g. 00-A0-C9-9F-00-07
 first three identify company, Intel in the example
 how to see: IPconfig, or System Information
 IP address (number)
 32-bit value, not hard coded (4 billion), assigned manually or by
DHCP
 four dotted quads, each quad a decimal from 0-255,
corresponding to eight bits, e.g. UBMAIL IP address is
198.202.0.25
 to convert open Calculator select View, Scientific, decimal and
type dotted quad decimal value, then select binary.
 Interneting

 Station A wants to send message to station D, but IP number is not in

the same subnet -- no can do!
 Sends the message to the default IP router -- default gateway
 All stations belonging to the same subnet share the first three dotted
quads.
 204.52.128.67 and 204.52.128.147 are in the same subnet, while
198.202.0.25 is not.
A,B and C-Class Networks
 A-class networks
 first 8 bits fixed, from 0-126 (only 127)
 very large companies like IBM, BBN, DEC,HP
 can assign 3 dotted quads - up to 16 million hosts
 B-class networks
 first 16 bits fixed, first quad 128-191 and second 0-255 (16,384)
 Medium-sized companies like Microsoft, Exxon
 can assign 2 dotted quads - up to 65,535 hosts
 C-class networks
 first 24 bits fixed, first quad 192-223, second and third 0-255
(2,097,152)
 can assign 1 dotted quad - up to 253 hosts, 0 is the subnet address., 1
default router address, 255 broadcast address.
Sockets and WinSock
 Sockets are the basic TCP requirement
 Socket address
 IP address of the receiver
 Port number of the receiving program (80,21,23)
 Type of port TCP or UDP
 WinSock is an adaptation of sockets to the
PC
 it now comes as part of the PC OSs
 it is an application programming interface
Internet Host Names
 Host names in Windows
 HOSTS - a list of IP and names (each machine)
 DNS - a server with a common table of IP & names (use with
Windows 2000, together with Active Directory)
 WINS - Windows Internet Name Server
 not DNS compatible (use only with NT/9x)
 can resolve IP addresses inside a Windows network

 good with dealing with NetBEUI names

 FQDN
 Fully Qualified Domain Name
 name of a host like: machine.org.domain, e.g.
ubmail.ubalt.edu, with a DNS assignment to an IP
 Setting static IP addresses
 Open Control Panel and select Network Connections
 Under LAN or High-Speed Internet select local area
connection,
 right-click and select properties
 select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click on properties
 fill in IP number, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway and
DNS server
 click OK, close.
 Use ping to test your setup.