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Introduction to
Engineering Science
(IES)
DME1123
2
Outcome 1:
Systems and Measurements
3
Introduction
• Definition of system
? • Classification of system
– Engineering system
– Control system
– Measurement system
4
Definition of A Systems
A system is defined as an arrangement
of parts within some boundary which
work together to provide some form of
output from a specified input.
Control System
Disturbance
Disturbance
Feedback /
measurement
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Closed loop - Control System
Example 1: Water level control system
piston
Channel for
water flow
arm
buoy
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Closed loop - Control System
Example 1: Water level control system
piston
Channel for
water flow
arm
buoy
Water level increased
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Closed loop - Control System
Example 2: Speed control of shaft rotation
Disturbance
Comparison to
input setting
Output
Input +/- Motor rotating Rotating
setting shaft
Measurement System
Typical Measurement Tools:-
• Extensometer
• Bourdon tube
• Manometer
• Hydraulic pressure
• Force measurement system
• Thermistor
• Cathode ray oscilloscope
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Measurement System
Block Diagram of basic element.
Processed
A system
The data
outputelementfrom
signal fromthethe
which signal Measure
conditioner
produces
sensor ato
to be be displayed;
signal
processed
relating
andtoeg: value
pointer moving
the quantity
produced across scale or a
thebeing
data.
digital readout.
measured.
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Measurement System
Common Units for
typical Measurement Tools:- S.I Metric
• Extensometer %strain %strain
• Bourdon tube Pascal (Pa) bar
• Manometer Pascal (Pa) bar
• Hydraulic pressure Pascal (Pa) bar
• Force measurement system Newton pound
• Thermistor ohm -
• Cathode ray oscilloscope hertz -
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1: Extensometer
measuring the extension or elongation of a
specimen being strained.
Specimen
Extensometer
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1: Extensometer
measuring the
extension or Power on
elongation of a
specimen being Grip
Specimen
strained.
Setting
Emergency Data
Button
Connect to pipe
23
2: Bourdon Tube
Connect to pipe
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3: Manometer
• measuring pressure of gases and vapors.
• In general, it consists of a tube containing a liquid
of known specific density.
U shape manometer
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3: Manometer
Pressure, P = ρgh
Plow
(unit = N/m2 or Pascal)
P = ρg h
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4: Hydraulic Pressure
• It has a chamber (sensing element) which
contains hydraulic fluid.
• The force is applied to a diaphragm in the
chamber.
• The pressure sensing element can be
configured as flat diaphragm & convoluted
diaphragm
F
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4: Hydraulic Pressure
• The chamber will then connected to the hydraulic
pressure gauge.
Diaphragm area
Inlet
Pressure
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4: Hydraulic Pressure
Pressure, P = ρgh
(unit = N/m2 or Pascal)
P = ρg h
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5: Force Measurement System
Force, F applied
• The force to measure is
applied to the diameter
and caused the steel ring
to distort. Dial
• The amount of distortion is Indicator
proportional to the force
Steel ring
applied which is measured
using dial indicator. F
• Range 2 kN to 2000 kN
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6: Thermistor
Sensor Scientific
Pb Epoxy-Coated
Chip Thermistors
Cu
Cu
VO
Vpp
VI
T Tb
7: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 40
Example 1:
Determine the magnitude of velocity for an electron
when the potential between cathode and anode was
adjusted to 4500 V.
1 2
mv eV
Formula:
2
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VO
Vpp
VI
T Tb
VO
Vpp
VI
T Tb
Example 2:
From diagram shown,
Given, VI = 5 V/cm, Tb = 1 ms/cm.
Calculate the value for Vpp, VO , T and signal frequency, f.
(Ans: 10 V, 5V, 2 ms, 500 Hz)
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45
Any Questions?
46
Practice
Select the option of True or False for each question
below. If True, then explain the reason, otherwise
provide the correction.
1. A system is defined as an arrangement
of parts within some boundary which
work together to provide some form of
input from a specified output.
output input False
Answer:
• End of outcome 1.