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ISAT 241
Fall 2004
David J. Lawrence
Simple Harmonic Motion
Mass Attached to a Spring
x<0
m x = 0 “Equilibrium Position”
x>0
x
Simple Harmonic Motion
Mass Attached to a Spring
– When the mass is stationary, it is in its
equilibrium position (Net force = 0).
– If we pull the mass down slightly and then release
it, what happens?
– Graph the displacement from equilibrium as a
function of time.
• x(t) = A cos (t)
• where A = amplitude = a constant, and
• = angular frequency = a constant.
• We’ll learn more about these quantities soon.
Serway & Jewett, Principles of Physics
Figure 12.1
Brooks/Cole – Thomson
Learning
Simple Harmonic Motion
A
Displacement
x(t) Time
0
(m) (s)
-A
A
Velocity Time
v(t) 0 (s)
(m/s)
A
2A
Acceleration
a(t) Time
0 (s)
(m/s2)
2A
Simple Harmonic Motion
Equations for this Special Case
dx
– Velocity: v(t) = dt = A sin (t)
dv
– Acceleration: a(t) = = A cos (t)
dt
Simple Harmonic Motion
Definitions of Terms
• Amplitude = A = the maximum displacement of the
moving object from its equilibrium position.
• (unit = m)
• Period = T = the time it takes the object to complete
one full cycle of motion.
• (unit = s)
• Frequency = f = the number of cycles or vibrations
per unit of time.
• (unit = cycles/s = 1/s = Hz = hertz)
Label This Graph !
Time
0 (s)
Simple Harmonic Motion
Definitions of Terms (continued)
– Angular Frequency =
(unit = radians/s = rad/s)
2π
ω 2π f
T
– Phase Constant = Phase Angle =
(unit = radians)
In general, simple harmonic motion cannot be described
by a “pure” sine or cosine function, so a phase constant,
, or phase angle must be introduced.
E.g., x(t) = A cos (t )
(t + ) is called the phase of the motion
Summary Graphs for SHM –
General Case
In the most
general case, the
displacement
graph doesn’t
begin at a peak.
This means that
Simple Harmonic Motion
General Equations
– Displacement from Equilibrium:
x(t) = A cos (t + )
= A sin (t + )
dx
– Velocity: v(t) = dt
– Acceleration: a(t) =
dv
dt =
A cos (t + )
Simple Harmonic Motion -- Example
An object oscillates with SHM along the x-axis. Its
displacement varies with time according to the equation
x x ( t ) (4.0m) cos(t )
4
where t is in seconds and the two angles in parentheses are
in radians. (See figure on next slide.)
Brooks/Cole – Thomson
Learning
S. H. M. – Example (continued)
An object oscillates with SHM along the x-axis. Its
displacement varies with time according to the equation
x x( t ) ( 4.0 m ) cos( t )
4
where t is in seconds and the two terms in parentheses are in
radians.
1 1 k
f
T 2 2 m
1 2 m
T 2
f k
Mass-Spring System -- Example 1
Car hitting a pothole in the road.
Mass-Spring System -- Example 2
A 200 g mass is connected to a light spring with force
constant 5 N/m, and is free to oscillate on a horizontal,
frictionless surface. The mass is displaced 5 cm to the
right from equilibrium and released from rest. (See
figure on next slide.)
In the most
general case, the
displacement
graph doesn’t
begin at a peak.
This means that