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Chapter 3
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Chapter
Outline
1 Equilibrium and Free-Body Diagrams
2 Shear Force and Bending Moments in Beams
3 Singularity Functions
4 Stress
5 Cartesian Stress Components
6 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
7 General Three-Dimensional Stress
8 Elastic Strain
9 Uniformly Distributed Stresses
10Normal Stresses for Beams in Bending 3-11
Shear Stresses for Beams in Bending
3-12 Torsion
13 Stress Concentration
14 Stresses in Pressurized Cylinders
15 Stresses in Rotating Rings
16 Press and Shrink Fits
17 Temperature Effects
18 Curved Beams in Bending
19 Contact Stresses
Summary Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Equilibrium and Free-Body Diagrams
• Equilibrium
A system with zero acceleration is said to be in
equilibrium, if that system is motionless or, at
most, has constant velocity.
• Free-Body Diagram
Free-body diagrams help simplifying the analysis
of a very complex structure or machine by
successively isolating each element and then
studying and analyzing it.
Example 3-1
Example 3-1
Solution
Example 3-1
Output shaft
Input shaft
Gear box
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering,
Suranaree University of Technology
Example 3-1
Example 3-1
Example 3-1
Sign Conventions
Stress element
Represents stress at a point
Coordinate directions are arbitrary
Choosing coordinates which result in zero shear stress will
produce principal stresses
Principal stresses
There are always three principal stresses. One is zero for plane
stress.
There are always three extreme-value shear stresses.
C = ( , ) = [( x + y)/2, 0]
x y
2
R 2
xy
2
Example 3-4
Example 3-4
x-y orientation Principal stress orientation
8 7
C 0.5 MPa
2
87
CD 7.5 MPa
2
R 7.52 62 9.60 MPa
1 9.60 0.5 9.10 MPa
2 0.5 9.6 10.1 Mpa
1 7.5
p 90 tan 1
6 70.67
cw
2
1 R 9.60 MPa
s 70.67 45 25.67 cw
p tan 1 10.9 cw
1 3
2 7.5
1 R 8.078 MPa
s 45 10.9 34.1 ccw
1 8
p 90 tan 7 69.4 ccw
1
2
1 R 10.63MPa
s 69.4 45 24.4 ccw
Elastic Strain
• Hooke’s law
Elastic Strain
Example 3-5
Dimensions in mm
Example 3-5
School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering,
Suranaree University of Technology
Example 3-5
Example 3-5
Example 3-5
Two-Plane Bending
Example 3-6
Example 3-6
Example 3-6
Answer
Answer
Example 3-6
Example 3-7
Example 3-7
Example 3-7
Example 3-7
Example 3-7
Example 3-7
Torsion
• Torque vector – a moment vector collinear with axis of a
mechanical element
• A bar subjected to a torque vector is said to be in torsion
• Angle of twist, in radians, for a solid round bar
Torsion
where H = power, W
n = angular velocity, revolutions per minute
Example 3-8
Example 3-8
TA = T2
= 0.13 kN-m Tc = 1.3k (0.038)
MA = 1.3k (0.125) F = 1.3 kN = 0.05 kN-m
= 0.66 kN-m
F = 1.3 kN M2 = T1 = 0.05kN-m
F = 1.3 kN T1 = 0.05kN-m
M1 = 1.3k (0.1)
=0.13 kN-m
F = 1.3 kN
T2 = M1
= 0.13 kN-m
Example 3-8
Example 3-8
Tc = 1.3k (0.038)
F = 1.3 kN = 0.05 kN-m
T1 = 0.05kN-m
M1 = 1.3k (0.1)
=0.13 kN-m
F = 1.3 kN
Example 3-8
Example 3-8
Example 3-8
Example 3-8
Example 3-9
Example 3-9
Example 3-9
Example 3-9
School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering,
Suranaree University of Technology
Example 3-9
Example 3-9
Fig. 3−25
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering,
Suranaree University of Technology
Example 3–10
Fig. 3−26
Example 3–10
Example 3–11
Solution
When the median wall line is not closed, the section is said to be
an open section
Some common open thin-walled sections
Fig. 3−27
where
T = Torque, L = length of median line, c = wall thickness,
G = shear modulus, and 1 = angle of twist per unit length
Example 3-12
Example 3-12
Example 3-12
Stress Concentration
• Localized increase of stress near discontinuities
• Kt is Theoretical (Geometric) Stress Concentration Factor
Example 3-13
Example 3-13
Example 3-13
Example 3-13
Contact Stress
• Maximum pressure