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operating parameters
What do we need from engine?
Vd Vc 8 – 12 for SI
rc
Vc 12 – 24 for CI
Geometrical properties
Compression ratio
Vd Vc 8 – 12 for SI
rc
Vc 12 – 24 for CI
Vd Vc 8 – 12 for SI
rc
Vc 12 – 24 for CI
3 – 4 Small
Rl a
5 – 9 Large, slow speed
L 2a
Cylinder volume at any crank position
Cylinder volume at any crank position
Piston at TDC V Vc
Piston at BDC V Vc Vd
B2
V l a s
4
where s is the distance between the crank axis
and the piston pin axis and is given by
12
s a cos l a sin
2 2 2
V
Vc
1
1 rc 1 R 1 cos R 2 sin 2
2
Combustion chamber surface area
A Ach Ap B l a s
B2
Piston crown surface area Ap
4
A Ach Ap
BL
2
R 1 cos R 2 sin 2
Piston speed
ds ds d
Instantaneous piston speed Sp
dt d dt
d
2 N
dt
ds
Sp 2 N
d
12
s a cos l a sin
2 2 2
After differentiation
cos
S p LN sin 1
R sin
2 2
Piston speed vs crank angle
Mean piston speed
S p 2LN
• Gas flow velocities in the intake manifold and cylinder all scale with
mean piston speed
T Fb
P T 2 NT
Gross indicated work per cycle Wc ,ig is the work delivered to the piston
over the compression and expansion strokes only
Indicated work per cycle
Wc ,i pdV
Wc ,ig area A + area C
Gross indicated work per cycle Wc ,ig is the work delivered to the piston
over the compression and expansion strokes only
Net indicated work per cycle Wc ,in is the work delivered to the piston
over the entire four-stroke cycle.
Indicated work per cycle
Wc ,i pdV
Wc ,ig area A + area C
Wp area B area C
Gross indicated work per cycle Wc ,ig is the work delivered to the piston
over the compression and expansion strokes only
Net indicated work per cycle Wc ,in is the work delivered to the piston
over the entire four-stroke cycle.
Pumping work W p is the work transfer between piston and cylinder
gases during inlet and exhaust strokes
Pumping work
Wc ,i N
Pi
nR
where nR is the number of crank revolutions for each power stroke per
cylinder.
For four-stroke cycles, nR = 2, for two-stroke cycles, nR = 1
Pb Pig Pf
Friction power is defined as power required to overcome the flow friction,
friction of the bearings, pistons, and other mechanical components of the
engine, and to drive the engine accessories
Friction power may be determine by driving unfired engine with a
dynamometer
1 2
Pr CR M v g a CD Av Sv Sv
2
2 nRT
mep
Vd
Mean effective pressure
The constant pressure that would have to exist to do the same
work over Vd as is done by the actual cycle.
• At maximum torque:
Estimate:
- the required engine displacement,
- bore and stroke,
- and the maximum brake power the engine will deliver.
Reference table
Example
A four-cylinder automotive spark-ignition engine is being designed to
provide a maximum brake torque of 150 N·m in the mid-speed range
( 3000 rev/min).
Estimate:
- the required engine displacement,
- bore and stroke,
- and the maximum brake power the engine will deliver.
Displacement
2nr T
mep
Vd
Vd
Vd 4 2
B L BL 3 86 mm
4
Example (solution)
Estimate:
- the required engine displacement,
- bore and stroke,
- and the maximum brake power the engine will deliver.
m f
sfc
P
With units
m а g/s m а g/h
sfc mg/J sfc g/kW h
.
PkW PkW
or
• Dimensionless
• Relates power output to rate of energy input (second law efficiency)
• Heating value QHV is required
• Typical values of QHV 42 to 44 MJ/kg
Fuel conversion efficiency
f
Wc
PnR N
P
m f QHV m f n R N QHV m f QHV
In terms of sfc:
1
f
sfc QHV
With units
3600
f
sfc g/kW .h QHV MJ/kg
Air/fuel ratio
m a m f
A F or F A
m f m a
SI engine 12 A F 18
CI engines 18 A F 70
Volumetric efficiency
defined for four-stroke engines only
“Volume flow rate of air into intake system divided by the rate
at which volume is displaced by the piston”
Volumetric efficiency
defined for four-stroke engines only
“Volume flow rate of air into intake system divided by the rate
at which volume is displaced by the piston”
2m a ma
v or v
i,aVd N a,iVd
Physical meaning?
Volumetric efficiency
mass inducted
v
potential mass
2ma
mN
ma a ma potential mass a,iVd
2 N
ma 2ma
v
a,iVd i,aVd N
Volumetric efficiency
engine weight
Specific weight =
rated power
engine volume
Specific volume =
rated power
For example
mNOx
sNO x
P
Some useful relationships
For power
Some useful relationships
f ma NQHV F A
For power P
nR
For torque
Some useful relationships
f ma NQHV F A
For power P
nR
f v NVd QHV a,i F A
For four-stroke engines only P
2
P f v NLQHV a ,i F A
Ap 2
P f v S pQHV a ,i F A
Ap 4
Use of relationships developed
Engine ratings indicate rated power, maximum torque and speed at which
it is achieved.
These parameters depend on displacement volume.
To compare engines of different displacements normalized performance
parameters are useful
Use of normalized performance parameters
At maximum rated point:
• Mean piston speed. Measures comparative success in handling loads
due to inertia and/or engine friction
• Brake mean effective pressure. In naturally aspirated engines bmep is
not stress limited, and reflects the ability to induct air (volumetric
efficiency), effectiveness of air utilization (F/A), and fuel conversion
efficiency. In turbocharged engines bmep indicates the success in
handling higher gas pressure and thermal loading
• Power per unit piston area. Measures the effectiveness at which the
piston area is used regardless of cylinder size
• Specific weight. Indicates relative economy with which materials are
used
• Specific volume. Indicates relative effectiveness with which engine
space has been utilized
Use of normalized performance parameters
At all speeds with full throttle or with maximum fuel pump settings:
• Brake mean effective pressure. Measures ability to provide high air
flow and use it effectively over the full range
At all regimes:
• Brake specific fuel consumption or fuel conversion efficiency
• Brake specific emissions
Higher B/L ratio, pros and cons
• Pros
– Engine speed N can be increased without increase in mean
piston speed and, consequently, without increase of frictional
losses, both flow and rubbing
– Increased volumetric efficiency due to lower flow velocity and
increased valve area
– Decreased heat transfer to cooling system
• Cons
– Increased mass (length and width increases, height is the same)
– Higher probability of knock combustion for SI Engines
– Design consideration (balancing counterweights can meet
piston at BDC)
Piston displacement, speed and acceleration at any crank angle
Piston displacement
1 cos 2
1
L a 1 cos
4R
Piston speed
1
S a sin sin 2
2R
Piston acceleration
1
a 2 a cos cos 2
R
Problem 2.9