DATA BASE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS
Stages of Information System
 Stage 1: Manual Information System
 Records
 Index Cards
 Files
 slow, non-interactive, redundancy,... .
 Stage 2: File Based Information Systems
 Disk (direct access)
 application program has its own file
 data dependence
 data redundancy
 Stage 3: DBMS based Information Systems
 Generalized data management software
 Transaction processing

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File Processing System
 A typical file processing system is supported by conventional
operating systems. The system stores permanent record in various
files. It uses various application programs to extract records from,
and add records to the appropriate files.
But as the number of files in the system expands, system
administration becomes difficult too. Each file must have its own file
management system, composed of programs that allow user to
create the file structure, add data to the file, delete data from the
file, modify the data in the file, list the file contents etc.
Continue…
 In the file processing systems data are organized,
stored and processed in independent files of data
records.
 this approach was used for many years
 Each business application was design to used one or
more specialized data files containing only specific
types of data records.
Problems of file Processing
 Data Redundancy
 Duplicated data
 Problem in data updation
 Lack of Data Integration
 Makes difficult to access data from different files
 Data Program Dependence
 Organization of file
 Physical location
 Application software
 Difficult to make changes in format and structure
 Lack of Data Standardization
 Serious inconsistency problem
 Accuracy and completeness problem
 Limited data sharing
 Excessive program maintenance
What is Database?

 A collection of records with relationships between

the records (by: Rowley)
 Bibliographic, statistical, business data, images, etc.
Importance of DBMS

 It helps make data management more efficient and effective.

 Its query language allows quick answers to ad hoc queries.
 It provides end users better access to more and better-managed data.
 It reduces the probability of inconsistent data.
Database Systems

 The Database System Components

 Hardware
 Computer
 Peripherals

 Software
 Operating systems software
 DBMS software
 Applications programs
 The Database System Components

 People
 Systems administrators
 Database administrators (DBAs)
 Database designers
 Systems analysts and programmers
 End users

 Procedures
 Instructions and rules that govern the design and use of the
database system

 Data
 Collection of facts stored in the database
Database Components
DBMS
===============
Design tools
Table Creation
Form Creation
Query Creation
Report Creation Application
Procedural
language
Programs
Database
compiler (4GL)
=============
Run time
Database contains:
Form processor
User’s Data Query processor
User
Metadata Report Writer Interface
Indexes Language Run time Applications
Application Metadata
Database Management System (DBMS)
Functions
1.Data Dictionary Management (Meta Data)
2.Data Storage Management
3.Data Transformation and Presentation
4.Security Management
5.Multi-User Access Control
6.Backup and Recovery Management
7.Data Integrity Management
8.Database Communication Interfaces
The DBMS Manages the Interaction Between the End
User and the Database
Explained Format
Four Basic Operation on Data

 Data Insertion
 Data Deletion
 Data Updating
 Data Retrieval
Database Systems

 Types of Database Systems

 Number of Users
 Single-user
 Desktop database
 Multiuser
 Workgroup database
 Enterprise database
 Scope
 Desktop
 Workgroup
 Enterprise
Database Systems

 Types of Database Systems

 Location
 Centralized
 Distributed

 Use
 Transactional (Production)
 Decision support
 Data warehouse
DBMS Benefits
 Minimal data redundancy
 Consistency of data
 Integration of data
 Sharing of data
 Ease of application development
 Uniform security, privacy, and integrity controls
 Data accessibility and responsiveness
 Data independence
 Reduced program maintenance
 Data Levels
Data “Raw” facts that have little meaning unless they have been
organized in some logical manner. The smallest piece of data
that can be “recognized” by the computer is a single
character, such as the letter A, the number 5, or some
symbol such as; ‘ ? > * +. A single character requires one
byte of computer storage.
Field A character or group of characters (alphabetic or numeric)
that has a specific meaning. A field might define a telephone
numbers, a birth date, a customer name, a year-to-date
(YTD) sales value, and so on.
Record A logically connected set of one or more fields that describes
a person, place, or thing. For example, the fields that
comprise a record for a customer named J. D. Rudd might
consist of J. D. Rudd’s name, address, phone number, date
of birth, credit limit, unpaid balance, and so on.
File A collection of related records. For example, a file might
contain data about ROBCOR Company’s vendors; or, a file
might contain the records for the students currently enrolled
at Gigantic University.
Entity