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CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
P. Ramar Kalanjiam
SYNOPIS
CEMENT : Definition, Grades, Types, Manufacture, Testing
CONCRETE : Definition
Quality of concrete
Application
Concrete Chemicals
INGRIDENT PERCENT
Lime 62
Silica 22
Alumina 5
Calcium sulphate 4
Iron oxide 3
Magnesia 2
Sulphur 1
Alkalies 1
Setting action of cement
Tricalcium aluminate
Tricalcium silicate
Dicalcium silicate
Usually cement attains about 70% of its final strength in 28 days and
about 90% of its final strength in one year or so.
Manufacture of portland cement
Burning
Grinding
Wet process.
Dry process
Calcareous Argillaceous
material material
crushing crushing
storage storage
Mixing in correct
proportion
Storage tanks for raw mix
Coal dust
Rotary kiln
Formation of clinkers
cooler
gypsum
Grinding of clinkers in ball
mills and tube mills
Storage in silos
distribution
Wet process
crushing crushing
storage storage
channel
Grinding mill
Formation of slurry
Correcting basin
Storage tank
Rotary kiln
Formation of clinkers
gypsum
cooler
Storage in silos
distribution
Burning
Burning is carried out in rotary kiln.
It is supported on rollers.
In burning zone the lime and clay in the slurry get chemically fused to form
hard balls of portland cement known as clinkers (Size 5 to 10mm).
Rotary kiln
from storage tank
slurry dust nodules
rotary arrangement coal dust
burning
zone
refactoy
lining air
Support cooler
clinkers
Grinding
Easily workable.
The specific surface of cement should not be less than 2250 cm2 /gm.
If the cement is sieved on 90 micron sieve for 15 mins, the residue by weight
should be within 10%.
Uses of cement
It is used for constructing engineering structures such as dams,
bridges, storage reservoirs.
• Field testing
• Laboratory testing
Open the bag and take a look at the cement. There should not be any
visible lumps. The colour of the cement should normally be greenish
grey.
Thrust your hand into the cement bag. It must give you a cool feeling.
Take a pinch of cement and feel between the fingers. It should give a
smooth and gritty feelings.
Take a handful of cement and throw it on a bucket full of water, the
particles should float for some time before they sink.
Take about 100 grams of cement and a small quantity of water and
make a stiff paste (cake should not disturb when take into the water)
Fineness test
Fineness of cement is important bearing on the rate of hydration and
on rate of gain of strength.
Finer cement offers a greater surface area and hence faster and greater
the development of strength.
Fineness of cement is tested in two ways:
By sieving.
Initial setting time- is the time elapsed between the moment that the
water is added to the cement to the time that the paste starts losing its
plasticity.
Final setting time – the time elapsed between the moment the water
is added to the cement and the time when the paste has completely
lost its plasticity and has sufficient firmness to resist pressure.
Concrete does not lose its strength with age and does not require
maintenance.
It hardens with age and process of hardening continuous for long time
even after it has attained sufficient strength, but the rate of hardening
decreases with age.
It shrinks in the initial stage and during hardening. This can be minimized
by proper curing.
Workability
The property of freshly mixed concrete which determines the ease and
homogenous with which it can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished
Mix proportion
Aggregate/cement ratio is an important factor influences workability.
Size of aggregate
Bigger the size of the aggregate, less is the surface area and less is the
amount of water.
It will give better workability.
Shape of aggregate
The shape of aggregate influences workability.
Angular, elongated or flaky aggregate makes the concrete harsh when
compared with rounded aggregates.
Surface texture
The total surface area of rough textured aggregate is more than the
surface area of smooth rounded aggregate of same volume.
Grading of aggregate
It influences maximum workability.
Better the grading, less the void content and higher the workability.
Use of aggregate
Bleeding : Water from the concrete comes out of the surface of the concrete
Batching
Mixing
Transporting
Placing
Compacting
Curing
Finishing
Batching
The measurement of materials for making concrete is known as
batching.
Mixing
Mixing of materials is essential for the production of uniform concrete.
Hand mixing
Machine mixing.
Transporting concrete
Concrete can be transporting by a variety of methods and equipments.
Mortar pan
Belt conveyors
Chute
Bituminous compounds
Polyethylene
Waterproof paper
Rubber.
Application of heat
Electrical curing.
Miscellaneous methods of curing
Finishing
Surface treatment
Applied finishes.
Non-destructive testing:
Semi-destructive testing:
Windsor probe test
Rebound hammer test
Limitations:
Results are affected by the angle of test, surface smoothness, and mix
proportion.
It is only suitable for close-textured concrete.
Rebound hammer
plunger hammer
mass housing
Types of concrete
Normal density
Ferro cement
Air-entraining
Light weight
Polymer concrete composites
Recycled
Sulphur impregnate concrete
Durability.
Durability
Good workability
No segregation
No bleeding
High strength
Durability
Impermeability
Elasticity
Shrinkage
admixtures.
construction chemicals.
Air-entraining agent.
Grouting agents.
Installation aids.
Queries:
Two marks:
What is cement and list out its chemical composition?
What are the process of cement manufacturing?
What are the methods of testing in cement?
What is meant by workability?
What is concrete and explain mix proportion of concrete?
What are the testing methods involved in fresh concrete and
hardened concrete?
What are the qualities of concrete?
Describe the advantage of concrete?
Describe the disadvantages of concrete?
What Is meant by concrete chemicals?
16 marks:
Describe the manufacturing of cement(dry and wet process)?
What are the different types of cement? explain their properties and
uses?
What are the different types of concrete? explain their properties and
uses?