Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
An Introduction to
Uncertainty Analysis
Error Sources
The measurement process consists of three dis-
tinct steps: calibration, data acquisition, and data
reduction
–calibration error
–data acquisition error
–data reduction error
Uncertainty Analysis
Error - difference between true value and
measured value.
Two general categories of error (exclude
gross blunders)
Fixed error – remove by calibration
Random error – quantify by uncertainty
analysis
The term uncertainty is used to refer to “a
possible value that an error may have”
Stages of Uncertainty Analysis
1. Design Stage Uncertainty Analysis
• Uncertainty analysis can be used to assist in the
selection of equipment and procedures based on
their relative performance and cost.
A A
dAH dH and dAW dW
H W
A H *W
A A
W and H
H W
Step 2: How does the uncertainty in H and W affect
uncertainty in A?
When several independent variables (X’s) are used
in calculating the Result, R, the individual terms
are combined by a root-sum-square method
(Method due to Kline and McClintock (1953))
2 1/ 2
N R
dR dX i
i 1 X i
Step 2: How does the uncertainty in H and W affect
uncertainty in A?
1/ 2
A R 2
dA ( dH ) (
2
dW )
H W
dX i dRx X i R
u xi u R , xi
i
u xi
Xi R R X i
So, as a percentage…
2 1/ 2
dR
N X i R
uR u xi
R i 1 R X i
1/ 2
H A 2 W R 2
u A ( u H ) ( uW )
A H A W
Uncertainty Analysis
There are three sources of uncertainty in
experimental measurements:
1. Interpolation uncertainty (zeroth order)
u1 = ± 2s* at (95%)
2 N 1 2
u N (uc ) ui (95%)
i 1
First-order Uncertainty
u1 > u 0
m = Kt(rball-rfluid)