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Why did nations like Poland & Hungary make a quicker, less-painful
transition to market-capitalism, while others like Russia floundered?
Real GDP Index (in 1989 $U.S.)
+ 40
OECD
+ 30 Poland
EU
+ 20 Slovenia
Hungary
+ 10 Slovakia
Czech
0
Republic
-10
Romania
-20
Bulgaria
-30
Russia
-40
-50
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
China-USA exports
1981-2002
The Great Transformation
Disasters of Great Leap Forward (1958-60) & Cultural Revolution (1966-76)
delegitimated the bureaucracy & enable technocratic factions to gain power.
Although technocrats blocked patrimonial capitalism, the Communist Party
constrained technocrat-intelligentsia implementation of more liberal policies.