Immune Response

to Virus

Riandini Aisyah, 2014

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LOGO Characteristics of host-

virus interaction
 Viruses are obligate intracellular, that produce::
 Cytopathic effect  lytic infection
 Non-cytopathic effect  latent infection
 Immunity
 Innate : type I interferon (IFN-/), NK
 Adaptive : antibodies, CTL CD8+
 Immune evasion
 Various mechanisms for evading immune response
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Viral Infection:
•In cells infected by viruses, viral protein are
synthesized in the cytosol
•MHC I mol. present antigen derived from proteins
in the cytosol
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Innate immune response
 Type I interferon (IFN-/
 Inhibits viral replication in both infected-and non-infected cells
 Increases expression of class I MHC molecules  CTL CD8+
attack
 Stimulates the development of Th1 promotes the expression
of IL-12 receptor
 Inhibits the proliferation of many cells, incl. lymphocytes

 cells
 Lyse virus-infected target cells
 Immunity against viruses early in the course of infection
 Major effector cells against herpes and CMV
 Main mediators of ADCC (Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity)
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Interferons are antiviral proteins produced by cells in

response to viral infection
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NK cells are activated

by INFs and
macrophage-derived
cytokines to serve as
an early defense
against certain
intracellular infection
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Adaptive immune response
 Antibodies
 Effective against viruses during extracellular stage
 Block virus binding & entry into host cells: neutralizing
Abs
• Bind to viral envelope or capsid antigens
• SIgA  respiratory & intestinal mucosa
 CTL CD8+ cells
 Eliminate the viral infection: lyse the viral-infected
cells
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CTL CD8+ reactions
 Immunosurveillance functions
 Recognize endogenously synthesized viral
peptides,
 In association with class I MHC molecules
 Killing mechanisms of the viral-infected cells:
 lyse the cells, activate nucleases, and secretion of
IFN-
 Side effects  noncytopathic virus:
 Tissue injury
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viruses
 Alter their antigenicity
 Inhibit class I MHC-assoc. presentation of
peptide antigens
 Produce molecules  immunosuppresive
effects
 Infect (lyse and/or inactivate immunocompetent
cells)
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HIV
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Concluding Remarks
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 The successful infection by viruses is

depending upon several factors:
 Low immune responses of the host: either of
the natural- (type I IFN, NK) or adaptive (Abs,
CTL CD8+) immunity or both,
 Ability to evade the effector mechanisms of
host immune responses
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Refferences :

Prof. Dr. Marsetyawan HNES : Immunological Aspect of Viral Infection

Dr. Hera Nirwati : Immune Response to Virus

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