Waiting Line

Waiting Lines

System

Processing Order

Calling
population Arrivals Waiting Service Exit
line
Structure of a Waiting Line System
• Single Service Channel System

Customer Waiting line Customer

arrives S1 leaves

• Multiple Service Channels System

S1
Customer Waiting line Customer
arrives S2 leaves

S3
 Formulas
Single Server Multiple Server λ = arrival rate
𝜆 1
• 𝑃𝑤 = • 𝑃0 = 1 𝜆 𝑛 1 𝜆 𝑐 𝑐µ μ = service rate
µ σ𝑛 +
𝑛=0𝑛! µ 𝑐! µ 𝑐µ− 𝜆
• 𝑃0 = 1 − 𝑃𝑤 1 𝜆 𝑐 𝑐µ
c = number of channels
• 𝑃𝑤 = 𝑃
𝜆 𝑛 𝑐! µ 𝑐µ− 𝜆 0 n = a number | n for P0 in Multiple Server is n = c - 1
• 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃0
µ 1 𝜆 𝑛
• 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃0 , 𝑛 >𝑐 P0 = probability the service facility is idle
𝜆2 𝑐!𝑐 𝑛−𝑐 µ
• 𝐿𝑞 =
µ µ− 𝜆
• 𝑃𝑛 =
1 𝜆 𝑛
𝑃0 , 𝑛 ≤ 𝑐
Pn = probability of n units in the system
• 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑞 + 𝑃𝑤 𝑛 µ
Pw = probability an arriving unit must wait for service
𝜆 𝑐
𝐿𝑞 𝜆µ 𝜆
• 𝑊𝑞 = • 𝐿=
µ
𝑃0 + Lq = average number of units in the queue awaiting
𝜆 (𝑐−1! ) 𝑐µ− 𝜆 2 µ
• 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑞 +
1
𝜆 service
µ • 𝐿𝑞 = 𝐿 −
µ
L = average number of units in the system
Common Formulas 𝐿
• 𝑊= Wq = average time a unit spends in the queue awaiting
𝜆 𝜆
• 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜌 =
𝑐µ
• 𝑊𝑞 =
𝐿𝑞 service
𝜆
• 𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑒 = 1 − 𝜌 W = average time a unit spends in the system
 Sample, single server system
• 𝑃𝑤 =
𝜆
• ABC Bank has • Arrival rate = 4/hr or 1/15 per min
µ
recently opened • Service rate = 5/hr or 1/12 per min
• 𝑃0 = 1 − 𝑃𝑤 and has found
𝜆 𝑛
4
• 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃0 that about 4 • 𝑃𝑤 = = 80%
5
µ
clients come in
• 𝐿𝑞 =
𝜆2
every hour for • 𝑃0 = 1 − 0.8 = 20%
µ µ− 𝜆
over the counter 42
• 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑞 + 𝑃𝑤 transactions. • 𝐿𝑞 = = 3.2
5 5−4
• 𝑊𝑞 =
𝐿𝑞 The bank being • 𝐿 = 3.2 + 0.8 = 4
𝜆
relatively new
• 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑞 +
1 3,2
µ has only one • 𝑊𝑞 = = 0.8
teller and has a 4
Common Formulas 1
𝜆 transaction turn • 𝑊 = 0.8 + =1
• 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜌 = over time of 12 5
𝑐µ
• 𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑒 = 1 − 𝜌 minutes.
 Sample, multiple server system
• 𝑃0 =
1 • Computing for P0, for 3 server using the same data in the previous problem
1 𝜆 𝑛 1 𝜆 𝑐 𝑐µ
σ𝑛
𝑛=0𝑛! µ +𝑐! µ 𝑐µ− 𝜆 • Arrival rate = 4/hr or 1/15 per min
1 𝜆 𝑐 𝑐µ • Service rate = 5/hr or 1/12 per min
• 𝑃𝑤 = 𝑃
𝑐! µ 𝑐µ− 𝜆 0
1
1 𝜆 𝑛 • 𝑃0 = = 0.447
• 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃0 , 𝑛 >𝑐 σ2𝑛=0
1 4 2 1 4 1 1 4 0 1 4 3 3∙5
𝑐!𝑐 𝑛−𝑐 µ 2! 5
+1! 5 +0! 5 +3! 5 (3 ∙ 5)−4
1
1 𝜆 𝑛 • 𝑃0 = = 0.447
• 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃0 , 𝑛 ≤𝑐 σ2𝑛=0(0.5∙0.64)+(1∙0.8)+(1∙1) +( 0.2∙0.512
15
)
𝑛 µ 15 −4
1
𝜆 𝑐 • 𝑃0 = = 0.447
𝜆µ µ 𝜆 σ2𝑛=0 0.32+0.8+1 +(0.9∙1.36)
• 𝐿= 𝑃0 + 1
(𝑐−1! ) 𝑐µ− 𝜆 2 µ • 𝑃0 = = 0.447
𝜆 2.12+0.12
• 𝐿𝑞 = 𝐿 − 1
µ • 𝑃0 = = 0.447
2.12+0.12
𝐿 1
• 𝑊= • 𝑃0 = = 0.447
𝜆 2.24
𝐿𝑞
• 𝑊𝑞 = • For P0, the summation is based on the value of n, starts with n which is n = c-1 and
𝜆
until the value of n reaches the value of 0.
• E.g. C = 5, so it would summation for 4!, 3!, 2!, 1!, 0!
Simulation of Waiting Lines
• Interarrival time • Simulation would include the
• IAT = a + r (b – a)
• a = minimum interarrival time following
• b = maximum interarrival time
• r = random number between 0 and 1

• Service Time
• Interarrival Time
• Compute for the “x” value in normal • Arrival Time
distribution or the inverse of normal
distribution • Service Start Time
• Random Number (Area under the normal
curve, and determine z score) • Waiting Time
• Mean and Standard Deviation must be known • Service Time
• X = (zσ) + μ
• Computation of service time is usually with • Completion Time
the aid of software but can also be done
manually with the normal curve • Time in System
Simulation of Waiting Lines Table
Client IAT AT SST WT ST CT SysTi

Waiting line simulation usually starts of at “zero time”

interarrival time is based on when the first or the next person comes in the system in
relation to the system opening up or from the person before them
arrival time is the “sum” of “zero” time or arrival time of the person before in relation to the
interarrival time
service start time is the time that you are served must takes into account service time of the
person before, if the service exceeds the interarrival time, then there would be the scenario where
you would wait
Sample: Simulation
Create a simulation for a cashier’s counter given a minimum and maximum inter arrivals at 7 and 14 minutes along with an
hour of observed service times of 3, 4, 2, 4, 3 and 5 minutes.
What is μ __________ What is σ __________

OBS r IAT AT SST WT r ST CT SysTi

1 0.9 - 6
2 0.66 0.8708
3 0.34 - 8
IAT = a + r (b – a)
4 0.55 0.8106
5 0.91 - 5 ST = x = (zσ) + μ
6 0.33 0.9719 σ 𝑥− 𝜇 2
Ave - -
𝜎2 = 𝑁
σ𝑥
𝜇=
z 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 𝑁
0.8 0.7881 0.791 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
1 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.877 0.879 0.881 0.883
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.975 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
3 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.999 0.999
Sample: Simulation
Create a simulation for a cashier’s counter given a minimum and maximum inter arrivals at 7 and 14 minutes along with an
hour of observed service times of 3, 4, 2, 4, 3 and 5 minutes.
What is μ __________ What is σ __________

OBS r IAT AT SST WT r ST CT SysTi Solve for IAT (1,2 and 3)

1 0.9 13.3 13.3 13.3 - 6 19.3 6
2 0.66 11.62 24.92 24.92 0.8708 a = 7 | b = 14
3 0.34 9.38 34.3 - 8 1: 7 + (0.9 (14 – 7)) = 7 + (0.9 ∙7)
4 0.55 0.8106
= 7 + (6.3) = 13.3
5 0.91 - 5
2: 7 + (0.66 (14 – 7)) = 11.62
3: 7 + (0.34 (14 – 7)) = 9.38
6 0.33 0.9719
Ave - -

z 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

IAT = a + r (b – a)
0.8 0.7881 0.791 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
1 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.877 0.879 0.881 0.883
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.975 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
3 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.999 0.999
 Sample: Simulation
Create a simulation for a cashier’s counter given a minimum and maximum inter arrivals at 7 and 14 minutes along with an
hour of observed service times of 3, 4, 2, 4, 3 and 5 minutes.

Solve for ST (2 and 4)

OBS r IAT AT SST WT r ST CT SysTi • Solve for observed ST’s variance first from
1 0.9 13.3 13.3 13.3 - 6 19.3 6 the given service times, then compute for
2 0.66 11.62 24.92 24.92 0.8708 4.58 29.5 4.58 the standard deviation
3 0.34 9.38 34.3 34.3 - 8 • σ = 0.9574
4 0.55 0.8106 4.34 • Compute for the mean observed ST
5 0.91 - 5 • 𝜇 = 3.5
6 0.33 0.9719 • Compute for ST
Ave - - • z = z score of the random number
• 0.8708 = 1.13
z 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
• 0.8106 = 0.88
• x = (0.87 ∙ 0.9574) + 3.5 = 4.58
0.8 0.7881 0.791 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
• x = (0.88 ∙ 0.9574) + 3.5 = 4.34
1 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.877 0.879 0.881 0.883
σ 𝑥− 𝜇 2
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.975 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767 ST = x = (zσ) + μ 𝜎2 =
𝑁
3 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.999 0.999 σ𝑥
𝜇= 𝑁
Sample: Simulation
a 7 b 14 μ 3.5 σ 0.9574
Obs
OBS r IAT AT SST WT r ST CT SysTi (x-μ)2
ST
1 0.9 13.3 13.3 13.3 0 - 6 19.3 6 3 0.25
29.502
2 0.66 11.62 24.92 24.92 0 0.8708 4.5821 4.5821 4 0.25
1 Utilization 0.6174
3 0.34 9.38 34.3 34.3 0 - 8 42.3 8 2 2.25 Prob of
49.492 Waiting 0
4 0.55 10.85 45.15 45.15 0 0.8106 4.3426 4.3426 4 0.25
6
Sit of
5 0.91 13.37 58.52 58.52 0 - 5 63.52 5 3 0.25
Waiting None
73.158
6 0.33 9.31 67.83 67.83 0 0.9719 5.3282 5.3282 5 2.25
2
46.212
Ave - 11.305 40.67 40.67 0 - 5.5422 5.5422 σ 0.9574
2