SIMPLE DC POWER

SUPPLY
Name: Fatima Al-Hakeem
I.D: 201401231
Introduction
■ Main power supply ratings differ from a country to another.
■ transformers reduce the level of supply to a value suitable for driving the load
current.
■ Two types of transformers.
Step Up Step Down
transformer transformer

■ Alternating current switches polarity almost 60 times a second while direct

current is stable.
■ Alternating current is considered the most efficient way to deliver electrical
power, however, most devices need direct current to function.
 Objectives
■ Design a power supply to reduce the main power supply from 230V to 18V and to
convert Alternating Current into DC current.
■ Divide the simple DC power supply circuit into four stages.
■ Using Altium designer program to simulate the circuit and obtain required results.
■ Building the circuit on a Breadboard first to test it.
■ Finalize the circuit by building and soldering it to a Vero-board.
■ Testing the final circuit.
■ Record results and demonstrate a fully documented report of all stages and results
Components
■ Vero Board: Pre former circuit board material of copper strips on an insulating
bonded paper.
■ Resistors: Used to reduce the current flow or divide voltage.
■ Capacitors: Store energy and smoothen wave (Due to the insulating layer, DC
current cannot flow through the capacitor as it blocks it allowing instead a
voltage to be present across the plates in the form of electrical energy)
■ Bridge diode: Convert AC to DC
■ Zener diode: permits current from flowing in reverse direction when the Zener
voltage is reached.
■ Step down transformer
■ Variable Autotransformer : Obtain required voltage from main.
Rectification stage
■ A step down transformer was used to reduce the supply voltage from 230V to 18V
AC. Then Diode Bridge was added to convert the Alternating current with converting
polarity to stable Direct Current as this experiment requires a smooth and steady DC
supply voltage.
■ Positive: D1 and D2 conduct while D3 and D4 are off (Reverse biased)
■ Negative: D3 and D4 conduct while D1 and D2 are off.
■ During each half cycle, the current flows through two diodes instead of just one so
the amplitude of the output voltage is two voltage drops (1.4V) less than the input
Vmax amplitude and the frequency is now double the supply frequency (100Hz)
Smoothing stage
■ The smoothing capacitor in the circuit converts the full wave rippled output of the
rectifier out of the bridge diode rectifier into a smooth DC output voltage.
■ Capacitors provide an extra degrees of smoothing the output waveform as it stores
energy.
Ripple reduction stage
■ The ripple can be decreased much more by adding an improved filter to the output
of terminals.
■ This type of low pass filter consists of two smoothing capacitors and a choker in
between to provide a high impedance path to the alternating ripple component.
■ In RC designs, the resistor added should be low value as the whole load current
must pass through it generating a considerable amount of heat.
 Zener shunt regulator stage
■ a Zener is a special diode that will allow current to flow in reverse
direction if the applied voltage is a above a certain level without
damaging the component.
■ Adding a Zener diode will regulate the output wave to almost a pure
straight DC and it will limit it to a certain voltage ( i.e 10V) as it will not
pass any higher voltage other than 10V
■ Zener diode operates in breakdown or Zener region, the voltage across
it is constant for a large change of current through it, therefore, as long
as the input voltage is higher than the Zener voltage, the Zener
operates in the breakdown region and maintains a constant voltage
Bread Board results
Vero Board result
Error reasons
■ Values used and the values that should be using differences
■ resistors take a bit of voltage drops across resistors
■ diodes vary in their voltage drop
■ Components tolerances affect the results as well
■ Human errors
Conclusion
■ Theory goes with experiment.
■ Objectives were achieved.
THANK YOU