Introduction to mechanical elements

Introduction to mechanical elements

Introduction to mechanical elements
Introduction to mechanical elements
Introduction to mechanical elements
Introduction to mechanical elements
Introduction to mechanical elements
Introduction to mechanical elements
Shaft, couplings, belts, pulleys & bearings
arrangement
Introduction to machine
Water pump ( Machine)
Drilling machine
Machine elements
Mechanical system
Shaft
Shaft with gears
Shaft with pulleys
Shaft with bearings and keys
Elements Attached
to a Shaft
 Shaft
• Function: to support transmission elements and transmit
power or motion.
• A shaft is a rotating machine element.
• It has circular cross section.
• The diameter of shaft varies from 5 mm to 200 mm.
• It is used to transmit power from one part to another part.
• The various members such as pulleys, gears and sprockets
are mounted on it.
• Shafts are made from plain carbon steel and alloy steel.
• Cast iron is not used for making shafts.
 Types of shaft
• Shafts are mainly classified into two types.
1) Transmission Shaft 2) Machine Shaft
 Transmission shaft
• A transmission shaft is a rotating machine element, circular in
cross section ,which supports transmission elements like gears,
pulleys and sprockets and transmits power.
• The transmission shafts are subjected to torque, bending
moment.
• Transmission shafts are of two types: 1) Line shaft 2) Counter
shaft
 Line Shaft
• A line shaft directly connected to the prime mover.
• A line shaft consists of a number of shafts, which are
connected in axial direction by means of couplings.
 Counter Shaft
• Counter shaft is not directly connected to prime mover.
• Counter shaft is driven by the main shaft.
• The power is supplied to the machine component from
countershaft .
 Machine shaft
• A machine shaft is a short rotating shaft.
• It is an integral part of the machine.
• Machine shafts are subjected to torque, bending moment
and/or axial force.
• There are two types of machine shaft: 1) Spindle 2) Crank shaft.
 Spindle
• A spindle is a short rotating shaft.
• It is a hollow shaft.
• Spindles are used in all machine tools.
• Example:
Lathe machine spindle,
Drilling machine spindle.
 Crankshaft
• A crankshaft is a mechanical element which converts
reciprocating motion into rotary motion and vice a versa.
Shaft material
 Axle
• VID-20180106-WA0025.mp4
 Axle
• Function: To support the rotating elements like wheel, pulley
and hoisting drum.
• It is fitted to the housing by means of bearings.
• It is subjected to bending moment.
• It does not rotate and not transmit any torque.
• It only support the other rotating elements.
 Key
• Function: 1) to transmit the power from the shaft to the hub of
mating element.
2) to prevent relative rotational motion between the
shaft and the joined machine element like gear or pulley.
 Types of keys

• Types of keys video.mp4

 Saddle key
• A saddle key is a key which fits in the keyway of the
hub only.
• There is no keyway on the shaft.
• A hollow saddle key has a concave surface at the
bottom to match the circular surface of the shaft.
• A flat saddle key has a flat surface at the bottom and
it sits on the flat surface machined on the shaft.
• It has uniform width and taper in thickness.
• These keys are used for light duty application.
Flat saddle key
Hollow saddle key
Advantages and disadvantages of saddle
key
Sunk Key
A key is fitted in shaft and hub
 Parallel sunk key

Application: machine tools

 Taper sunk key/ Gib headed key
• Taper keys provided with Gib-head to facilitate
easy removal of the key.

Application: for mounting the rotating elements like

flywheel, pulleys and gears.
 Feather key
• A feather key is a parallel key which is fixed either to
the shaft or to the hub and which permits relative
axial movement between them.

Application: clutches and gear shifting mechanism

 Woodruff key
• A woodruff key is a sunk key in the form of an almost
semi circular disk of uniform thickness.
• The bottom portion of the woodruff key fits into the
circular keyway in the shaft.
• The projecting part of the woodruff key fits in the
keyway in the hub. Application: in machine tools and
automobile.
Spline
 Spline
• Working of clutch.mp4
Use of splined joint
Spline
 Splines
 Splines are keys which are made integral with
the shaft.
 Splines permit axial motion between matching
parts, but transmit torque.
 Splines are cut on the shaft by milling and on
the hub by broaching.
 Example: Gear shifting mechanism in
automobile gearboxes.
 Splined shaft in propeller shaft.
Types of keys
Couplings
Couplings
 Couplings
 Function: A coupling is a mechanical device that
permanently joins two rotating shafts to each other.
 Applications- A coupling is used to join the output
shaft of an engine to the input shaft of the hydraulic
pump to raise water from well.
A coupling is used to join the output shaft of an
electric motor to the input shaft of a compressor.
Types of Misalignment
 Main types of couplings:
 Rigid couplings –
These are used for shafts having perfect alignment
between the axes of two shafts and motion is free
from vibrations and shocks.
Types: 1) Muff or sleeve coupling 2) Split muff or clamp
coupling 3) Flange coupling
 Flexible couplings-

These couplings can absorb some amount of

misalignment in the shafts to be connected.
Types: 1) Bushed- pin type flexible coupling 2) Oldham
coupling 3) Universal coupling
Muff or sleeve coupling
Shafts are connected by muff coupling
 Muff or sleeve coupling
• VID-20180106-WA0020.mp4
 Muff or sleeve coupling
• It is a type of rigid coupling.
• It consists of sleeve or hollow cylinder, which
is fitted over the ends of input and output
shafts by means of sunk key.
• The power or torque is transmitted from the
input shaft to the sleeve through the key. It is
then transmitted from the sleeve to the
output shaft through the key.
Split muff coupling/ clamp coupling
Split muff coupling / clamp coupling
• VID-20180106-WA0023.mp4
Split muff coupling/ clamp coupling
• It is a rigid type of coupling.
• In this coupling, the sleeve is made of two
halves, which are split along a plane passing
through the axes of shaft.
• The two halves of the sleeve are clamped
together by means of bolts.
• The number of bolts can be four or eight.
• The torque is transmitted by means of friction
between shafts and sleeve.
• There is also a key between the shafts and
sleeve which also transmit torque.
Flange coupling
Flange coupling
 Flange coupling
• VID-20180106-WA0027.mp4
 Rigid coupling: Flange coupling
• A flange coupling consists of two flanges- one keyed
to driving shaft and other keyed to driven shaft.
• The two flanges are connected together by means of
four or six bolts arranged on a circle concentric.
• Power is transmitted from the driving shaft to the
left side flange through key.
• It is then transmitted from the left side flange to the
right side flange through the bolts.
• Finally, power is transmitted from the right side
flange to the driven shaft through key.
Rigid coupling: Flange Coupling
 Power transmission through flange coupling

Driving shaft
Through key
Left side
flange
Through bolts
Right side
flange
Through key

Driven shaft
 Flexible Couplings

 A flexible coupling employs a flexible element like a

rubber bush between the driving and the driven
flanges.
 This flexible bush accommodate the misalignment,
absorbs shocks and vibrations.
 Flexible coupling

1.Bushed- Pin type flexible coupling

2.Oldham coupling
3.Universal joints
Bushed Pin type flexible coupling
Bushed Pin type flexible coupling
 Bushed Pin type flexible coupling

• VID-20180106-WA0026.mp4
 Bushed Pin type flexible coupling

• The coupling consists of two flanges, one

keyed to the driving shaft and other to the
driven shaft.
• The two flanges are connected together by
means of four or six pins.
• At one end the pin is fixed to the driven shaft
by means of nut.
• The rubber bush is mounted over the pin.
• Power is transmitted from the driving shaft to
the driving flange through key.
 Bushed Pin type flexible coupling
• It is then transmitted from the driving flange
to the pin through the rubber bush.
• The pin then transmits the power to the
driven flange by shear resistance.
• Finally, power is transmitted from the driven
flange to the driven shaft through key.
Oldham flexible coupling
Oldham flexible coupling
 Oldham flexible coupling

• VID-20180106-WA0028.mp4
Oldham flexible coupling
 Oldham flexible coupling

• An Oldham coupling has three discs , one

coupled to the driving shaft , one coupled to
the driven shaft, and a middle disc that is
joined to the first two by tongue and groove .
• It can tolerate the misalignment up to 20 mm.
Hooks joint/ universal joint
Hooks joint/ universal joint
Hooks joint/ universal joint
 Hooks joint/ universal joint

• VID-20180106-WA0022.mp4
 Hooks joint/ universal joint

• Hook joint/ universal joint is used to connect

the two rotating shafts, which are intersecting
each other.
• The power can be transmitted upto 25°
operating angle.
Bearings
bearings
bearings
bearings
bearings
 Bearings

• Bearing is a mechanical element that permits

relative motion between two parts, such as
shaft and the housing, with minimum friction.
• Function: 1) to ensure free rotation of the
shaft with minimum friction.
2) To support the shaft and holds it in the
correct position.
Sliding contact & rolling contact bearing
Classification of Bearings
Sliding contact bearings
 Sliding contact bearings

• In sliding contact bearing, the contacting

surfaces make the sliding contact or are
separated by a film of lubricant.
• Examples: 1) Journal bearing 2) Collar bearing
3)Footstep bearing
Journal bearing
 Journal bearing
• Journal bearing.mp4
Journal bearing
 Coller bearing
• NAP Eccentric Collar Lock.mp4
Coller bearing
Collar bearing
 Footstep bearing
• Foot step bearing.mp4
Footstep bearing
Footstep bearing
Ball Bearing & Roller Bearing
Rolling contact bearings
 Ball bearing

• BALL BEARING ASSEMBLY.mp4

Ball bearing
Ball bearing
Ball bearing
Ball bearing
 Ball bearing

• Function: 1) to locate the two machine elements

relative to each other. 2) to permit the relative
motion between two machine elements and carrying
the load.
• The ball bearings use the spherical balls as the rolling
elements.
• In ball bearings, the contact between the inner race
and the ball or the outer race and the ball is a point
contact.
 Construction of ball bearings
• 1) Outer race: the outer race is supported in a
housing, which is generally stationary.
• 2) Inner race: the inner race is mounted on the
shaft, which is generally rotating.
• 3) Rolling elements: the rolling elements permit
relative motion between the inner race and the
outer race, while transmitting the load from one to
another.
• 4) Separator: the separator separates the rolling
elements and spaces them evenly around the
periphery.
 Types of ball bearings
• 1) Single- row deep groove ball bearing.
• 2) Double- row deep groove ball bearing.
• 3) Angular contact bearing.
• 4) Thrust ball bearing.
 Single row deep groove ball bearing
• Manufacturing of bearing.mp4
 Single row deep groove ball bearing
• This type of bearing is generally used in general
mechanical engineering.
• Single row deep groove ball bearings take radial as
well as axial (thrust) load.
• They have high load carrying capacity.

Axial load ----

 Double row deep groove ball bearing
• Double row deep groove ball bearings take radial as
well as axial (thrust) load.
• They are used for replacement of two single row
deep groove ball bearings.
 Angular contact bearing
• Thrust-Angular Contact Bearing .mp4
Angular contact bearing
 Angular contact bearing
• In angular contact bearing, the grooves in inner and
outer races are so shaped that the line of reaction at
the contact between balls and races makes an angle
with the axis of bearing.
• They can carry radial as well as axial loads.
• These bearings are used in pairs.
 Thrust ball bearing
• Working of thrust ball bearing.mp4
 Thrust ball bearing
• Thrust ball bearing consists of a row of balls running
between two rings---the shaft ring and the housing
ring.
• Thrust ball bearing only takes axial loads.
Applications of ball bearing
 Applications of ball bearing
• Machine tool spindles.
• Automobile front and rear axles.
• Industrial and automotive gear boxes.
• Small size electric motors.
 Roller bearing
• Cylindrical roller bearing.mp4
 Roller bearing
• In roller contact bearing, the cylindrical rollers, taper
rollers or spherical rollers are used.
• There is a line contact between inner race and the
roller or the outer race and the roller.
 Types of roller bearing
• Cylindrical roller bearing.
• Taper roller bearing.
• Needle roller bearing.
 Cylindrical roller bearing
• Cylindrical roller bearing.mp4
 Cylindrical roller bearing
• There is a line contact between inner race and the
cylindrical roller or the outer race and the cylindrical
roller.
• Cylindrical roller bearing have a greater radial load
carrying capacity.
• They can not take axial (thrust) loads.
 Taper roller bearing
• Taper roller bearing1.mp4
 Taper roller bearing
• There is a line contact between inner race and the
taper roller or the outer race and the taper roller.
• Taper roller bearing have a greater radial load
carrying capacity.
• They can not take axial (thrust) loads.
 Needle roller bearing
• Needle roller bearing.mp4
 Needle bearing
• Small diameter needles are used in needle bearing
for line contact.
• Needle bearings are used with or without inner and
outer races.
• Application: universal joint
Applications of roller bearing
 Applications of roller bearing
• Machine tool spindles.
• Automobile front and rear axles.
• Industrial and automotive gear boxes.
• Small size electric motors.
 Clutch
• Working of clutch.mp4
• Transmission system.mp4
 Clutch
• Function: to engage or disengage the source of power
from the remaining parts of the power transmission
system at the will of operator.
• An automobile clutch can permit the engine to run
without driving the car.
• This is desirable when the engine is to be started or
stopped, or when the gears are to be shifted.
• In the operation of clutch, the conditions are as
follows.
• 1) Initial condition: the driving member is rotating and
the driven member is at rest.
• 2) Final condition: both members rotate at the same
speed and have no relative motion.
 Clutch
Types:
• 1) Positive contact clutches
• 2) Friction clutches
• 3) Electromagnetic clutches
• 4) Fluid clutches
 Positive contact clutches
• Positive contact clutch.mp4
Positive contact clutches
Positive contact clutches
Positive contact clutches--Gear Tooth Shaped Jaw Clutch
 Advantages of positive clutches
• No heat is generated during the
engagement.
• Requires little maintenance.
Disadvantages of positive clutches
• They can’t be engaged at high speed
• Engagement of any speed is accompanied
by shock & noise.
Applications
• used in m/c tools, power presses, punches,etc.
 Friction clutch
• Working of clutch.mp4
Friction clutch
 Friction clutches
• A single plate friction clutch consists of two flanges.
• One flange is rigidly keyed to the driving shaft, while
the other is connected to the driven shaft by means
of splines.
• Power is transmitted from the driving shaft to the
driving flange by means of key.
• Power is then transmitted from the driving flange to
the driven flange by means of frictional force.
• Finally, power is transmitted from the driven flange
to the to the driven shaft by means of splines.
• The power is transmitted by means of frictional
force, the clutch is called friction clutch.
 Advantages, disadvantages and applications of
friction clutches

• Advantages
• Frequent engagement and disengagement is
possible.
• They are easy to operate.
• Disadvantages
• They don't provide positive engagement
• Due to slip, the heat is generated at contacting
surfaces during the engagement.
Applications
• Commonly used in automobiles
Classification of Friction clutch
 CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING UPON
“ THE NUMBER OF DRIVEN PLATE USED”

Single plate clutches

This clutch consist only one driven plate.

Multi-plate clutches
This clutch consist more than one driven
plates.
Single Plate Clutch
Single plate clutch with flywheel
Multiplate clutch
 CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING UPON
“THE USE OF COOLING OIL”
Wet clutches
If the cooling oil is used for heat dissipation,
then the clutch is called ‘wet clutch’

Dry clutches
If the cooling oil is not used for heat
dissipation, then the clutch is called ‘dry
clutch’
 Cone clutch
• Cone clutch.mp4
Cone Clutch
 Cone clutches
The cone clutch consist of a cup keyed to the
driving shaft and a cone with friction lining free to
slide axially on a splined driven shaft.

Application
They are used in racing boats, racing cars and in
military vehicles.
Centrifugal Clutch
 Centrifugal clutch
• The centrifugal clutch works on the principle of
centrifugal force.
• The centrifugal force increases with speed.
• As the angular speed of the input shaft increases,
the centrifugal force acting on the sliding shoes
increases, causing the shoes to move in a radially
outward direction.
• The shoes continue to move increasing speed until
they contact inner surface of drum.
• Power is transmitted due to frictional force between
the shoe lining and the inner surface of the drum.
Electromagnetic clutch
Fluid clutch
 Brakes
•Function: 1) to slow down or completely stop
the motion of a moving system.
2) to hold the parts of the system
in position at rest.
 Types of Brakes
•1) Mechanical brakes: these brakes are
operated by means of levers, springs and
pedals.

•2) Hydraulic and pneumatic brakes: these

brakes are operated by means of oil pressure
or air pressure.

•3) Electrical brake: these brakes are operated

by magnetic forces.
Block or shoe brake
Block or Shoe Brake
Block or Shoe Brake
 Block or Shoe Brake
• It consists of simple block or shoe , which is
pressed against a rotating drum.
• The block , which is either rigidly attached to the
lever or in some applications pivoted to the lever,
is lined with friction material like : Asbestos ,
Leather , Cork , Wood.
• The actuating force is applied at the end of the
lever.
• The friction between the friction lining on the
block & brake drum causes the retardation of the
drum.
Applications : These are commonly used in trains.
Application of block or shoe brake
 Double shoe brake
• Double shoe brake .mp4
Double block brake
Double Block or Shoe Brake
 Double block brake
• The blocks , which are pivoted to the levers , are
lined with friction material like : Asbestos, Leather,
Cork.
• The actuating force is applied at the end of the
actuating lever.
• The friction between the friction lining on the
blocks & the brake drum causes the retardation of
the drum.
• Applications : These are used in hoisting
machinery i.e. cranes & also in trains.
Application of double block/shoe brake: brakes of train
Application of double block/shoe brake: hoisting brake
 Internal expanding shoe brake
• Internal expanding brake 1.mp4
Internal expanding shoe brake
Internal expanding brake shoe and drum
Internal Expanding Shoe Brake
 Internal Expanding Shoe Brake
• It consists of two shoes . The outer surface of the shoes
are lined with some friction material.
• Each shoe is pivoted at one end about the hinge-pin &
subjected to an actuating force at the other end.
• This force is applied by hydraulic cylinder on both shoes.
• By this force, shoes are pressed against the rotating
brake drum , causing the brake drum to retard or stop
completely.
• When the actuating force is released , the retracting
spring return the brake shoes so that they no longer
contact the drum.
• Applications : in automobile vehicles.
 Band and block shoe brake
• Block and band brake.mp4
Band and block brake
Band & Block Brake
Application of block and band brake
 Band & Block Brake
• It consists of a no. of wooden blocks fixed inside the
steel band.
• A steel band fixed with wooden block embraces the part
of the circumference of the brake drum.
• When the actuating force applied at the end of lever, the
wooden blocks are pressed against the brake drum.
• The frictional force between the wooden blocks & the
brake drum provides the necessary braking force.
• Applications : used in material handling equipment and
in Railways.
 Band brake
• Band brake.mp4
Band Brake
Band brake
Band brake
 Band brake
• It consists of a flexible steel strip lined with friction
material, which is pressed against the rotating brake
drum.

• Applications : used in machine tools and material

handling equipment
 Disc brake
• Disc brake working.mp4
Disc brake
Disc brake
Disc brake
Disc brake
 Disc brake
• The wheel rim works as a disk.
• There are two pads on either side of the disk.
• The friction lining attached to each pad.
• The pads attached to the caliper.
• When the pads are pressed against the rotating disk,
the force between the surfaces of friction lining and
the disk reduces the speed and finally stops the disk.
Thanks