Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
W. Labov, U. of Pennsylvania
www.ling.upenn.edu/~labov
PRINCIPLES
OF THE
Herman Paul
HISTORY OF LANGUAGE
BY
HERMANN PAUL
NEW YORK
MACMILLAN & CO.
1889
Summary of the critique of Paul in WLH 1968
The phonetic law does not affect all items at the same time:
some are designed to develop quickly, others remain behind,
some offer strong resistance and succeed in turning back any
effort at transformation. --Gauchat (cited in Dauzat 1922)
/e:/ /o:/
.
Reports of lexical diffusion, 1993-2006
1993
Wang, William S.-Y. and Chinfa Lien 1993. Bidirectional diffusion in sound change. In
Charles Jones (ed.), Historical Linguistics: Problems and Perspectives. London: Longman
Ltd. Pp. 345-400.
1997
Krishnamurti, Bh. 1997. Regularity of sound change through lexical diffusion (A study of s
> h > zero in Gondi dialects. Paper presented to the Panel on Lexical Diffusion at the 16th
Intwernational Congress of Linguists, Paris, July 21.
1998
Krishnamurti, Bh. 1998. Regularity of sound change through lexical diffusion: A study of s
> h > 0 in Gondi dialects. Language Variation and Change 10:193-220.
2006
Phillips, Betty S. 2006. Word frequency and lexical diffusion. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan.
.
ANAE
Atlas of North
American
EQnglish
Principles of
ANAE
Linguistic
Change, Vol. III
Chapter 13
Words floating on the
surface of sound change
Fronting of /ow/ in North America
Distribution of /ow/ vowels for all of North America. [N=8313].Vowels
before /l/ are shown in black [N=1577].
800
600
400
200
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
50
0
Final
Coronal onset
Labial
Following syllables
Labial onset
Nasal
Lateral
/g/ onset
/n/ onset
p <.00001 <.001
/p/ onset
<.05
ocean
nose
coke
boat
home
low
Female
City size
Regression coefficients for the fronting of /ow/ in ANAE data [N=7796]
Age
Formal Style
Surviving regression coefficients in both halves of a random split in the /ow/ tokens [even =
3927, odd = 3869]F1/F2 position of 348 no tokens in /ow/ distribution [N=8296]
250
200
150
100
50
0
no
-50
-100
home
-150
-200
-250
Age
Coronal onset
Formal Style
coke
nose
low
boat
home
ocean
/g/ onset
/p/ onset
Lateral
Final
/n/ onset
City size
Female
Nasal
Labial
Labial onset
Following syllables
1700
1600
1500
1400
All __l
F2 in Hz
1300
SE__l
All
1200
SE
1100
1000
900
800
fold
home
nose
no
Polish
low
old
sofa
cold
gold
pole
over
coke
ocean
coast
boat
bowl
goal
Paul on the fluctuation of words
N F1 F2
/ow/ 5950 616 1304
/owl/ 2576 575 1010
home 775 669 1068
Oklahoma 14 589 1045
homebody, etc. 28 641 1037
Omaha 10 655 1119
hoe 26 621 1233
The /h_m/ effect on the fronting of /ow/
F2
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
560
owl
580
Oklahoma
600
/ow/
620
F1
hoe
homebody
640
Omaha
660
home
680
the unconscious
Paul on the unconscious character of sound change
PHL 48.
Conscious correction of a completed change: reading
and word lists in New York City
We chased him with a ba--a baseball bat and
yell, “Bad boy! bad, bad! but he was too. . fast,
only my aunt could catch him.
Paul
all
ball
awful
coffee
office
chalk
chocolate
chock
Project on Cross-Dialectal Comprehension: Gating Experiment 2
desk busses
mat head
block
socks boss
Percent correct in Gating Experiments by city and educational
level in Cross Dialectal Comprehension study: block
PHL 48
Real time changes in the lenition of (ch) in Panama City in Cedergren’s
trend study, 1969-1982
Model of generational change of (ch) in Panama City
with no age-grading
Regression analyses of fronting of (aw) of men and women by decade in
the Philadelphia Neighborhood Study [N=112]
2200
F2 constant + age*F2 age coefficient
2100
2000
WOMEN:
1900 slope = -5.38
r2=.961
1800
1700 MEN:
slope = -6.60
r2=.788
1600
Under 20 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-
Lifespan trajectory of a hypothetical sound change for females born in
1962, 1970, 1986 with no adult increment (Labov 1994)
500
1942
450
1946
1950
400
1954
350 b. 1986 1958
1962
300
1966
1970
250
1974
200 b. 1970 1978
1982
150 1986
1990
100 b. 1962
1994
50 1998
2002
0 2006
5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
Age
The critical period revised: possible models of adult participation in sound change
120
100
Stable 80
60
Ii a 40
20
0
5 9 13 17 21 25 19 29 33
Age
120
100
Linear 80
60
Ii Xi a 40
20
0
5 9 13 17 21 25 19 29 33
Age
120
100
80
Inverse power 60
a
Ii Xi 40
20
t2 0
5 9 13 17 21 25 19 29 33
Age
Lifespan trajectory of a hypothetical sound change for females born in 1962, 1970,
1986 with progressively diminishing adult incrementation: cut-off point 17 years
500
1942
450
1946
400 b. 1986 1950
1054
350
1958
300 1962
1966
250
b. 1970 1970
200 1974
r2=.998 1978
150
1982
b. 1962
100 1986
1990
50 1994
0 1998
5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 2002
2006
Age
mysteries
The individual and the community
20 50
Celeste
20 00 2578 Hz
19 50
19 00
18 50
18 00
17 50
17 00
16 50
16 00
15 50
Lo we r Midd le Uppe r Lo we r Uppe r mid dle Uppe r cl ass
working working working mi ddle cl ass class
class class class
The communication index C5
2368
Matt R.
2079
6 Ginny C.
6.75
2008
Stanley R.
8
2292
Eddie C.
2463 8.75
Celeste S.
2341 10.25
Dot M.
6 2221
Mary J.
6.75
2017 2340
Henry D. Mae D.
8 8.75
The two-step flow of communication
(Katz and Lazarsfeld, Personal Influence)
1
F
A 2
2 E
C 2
2
B 2
D
Fronting
Fronting of (aw)
of /ey/ (F2) for 112 speakers
in closed syllables in
in the Philadelphia
made, Neighborhood
pain, lake, etc. Study
by age with partial
regression
by age linesclass
and social for 6 socioeconomic groups in Philadelphia [N=112]
On the negative effects of sound change
U.S. at Night
Milwaukee
Grand
Rapids Syracuse
Chicago Rochester
Flint Buffalo
Detroit
Kenoshat Cleveland
Joliet
Toledo
Settlement patterns 1800-1850 (Kniffen and Glassie 1966)
Figure 3.2. Relationships among America’s Most Populous Metropolitan Areas
Caption for Figure 3.2.
is achieved.
behavior patterns, but this key term is not √ some progress on the actuation
problem in searching for
defined, nor is their any accounting of the triggering events in both
linguistic and social context
sporadic character of this adjustment.