EARTHQUAKES

Presenters:
Marina binti Mohd Shahabudin
Husnani binti Hamid
Nur Aziera binti Abd Manaf

Faculty of Applied Science

UiTM Perlis Branch
Reason of Building Failure During Earthquakes

Article 1
by:
British Geology Page (2018)
 • TOPIC: Earthquakes
THESIS STATEMENT : • CONTROLLING IDEA : Reason
The reasons of building failure • MAIN POINTS:
during earthquakes occurrence due I. Soft ground condition
to soft ground condition, the poor II. Poor material selection
material selection and structure’s III. Height of structure
height.
 MAIN ARGUMENT 1 (MP1)– REASONS

I. TOPIC SENTENCES-Soft ground condition is the first reasons of building

failure during earthquakes.

A. Flood plains, land cultivation, and vanished disposal (what?/examples)

1. Triggered-vibration ( how?/effect)
B. Liquefy land (how?/effect)
 MAIN ARGUMENT 2 (MP2)– REASONS

II. TOPIC SENTENCES-Poor material selection is the second reasons of

building failure during earthquake.

A. Heavy frame-hazardous (which?/effect)

1. Rubble-masonry structure or brick-building with low quality
mortar(what?/example)
2. Substantial damage (why?/reason)
 MAIN ARGUMENT 3 (MP3)– REASONS

III. TOPIC SENTENCES-The structure’s height is the third reasons of

building failure during earthquakes

A. Skyscraper building-extremely shake (how?/description)

1. Corruption occurred- top storey (how?/effect)
a. Tremendous movement (why?/reason)
 CRITICAL APPRAISAL

TONE : TARGET READERS

• Biased
• -discussed only one side of the • Construction workers
issue
• Parents
• Pessimistic • General public
• -negativity of the issue
 PURPOSE OF TEXT

To inform To warn
 DEVELOPMENT OF IDEA

Supporting details
points
-writer personal
ALL main argument
opinions
-no concrete
evidence
 DEVELOPMENT OF IDEA
MAIN POINT 1

CONCRETE: no concrete evidence

SUFFICIENCY: insufficient
-no concrete statistic by public of how many building failure due to soft
ground condition
 ORGANISATION OF IDEA
• CLARITY- clear
 clear – one body paragraph one main point

• LOGIC – illogical
 arrangement of main argument

• PATTERN – classification
Causes and Effects of Earthquake

Article 2
by:
Geology Page (2017)

Thesis statement:
The cause of earthquake is by
movement of the plates and the two
effects are soil liquefaction and
floods.
• Topic: Earthquakes
• Controlling Idea: Cause and effects.
• Main Points:
1. Movements of plates
2. Soil liquefaction
3. Floods
 MAIN ARGUMENT 1 – CAUSE 1

I. Topic sentence: The movement of plate is the cause of the earthquake.

A. Faults build up at plate boundaries – (where?)

B. Plates move and stuck – (How?)
1. The edges unstick – (When?)
 MAIN ARGUMENT 2 – EFFECTS 1

II. Topic sentence: Soil liquefaction is the first effect of earthquake.

A. Shaking and loses of strength of water saturated granular materials – (

Why?)
B. Tilting and sinking of rigid structure – (What?)
1. Alaska Earthquake 1964 – (Where?/example)
 MAIN ARGUMENT 3 – EFFECT 2

III. Topic sentence: Floods is the second effects of the earthquake.

A. Overflow of water – (When?)

B. Damaged of the dams – ( Why?)
1. Land slips to dam rivers – (How?)
 CRITICAL APPRAISAL
Tone of Author Target Audience

Fair: The author discussed both sides • Geologist

of the issue.
• Government organization

Pessimistic: Negativity of the issue • General public

 PURPOSE OF TEXT

To Inform
 DEVELOPMENT OF IDEA

• Main Point:
There is no concrete evidence
• Supporting Details:
Based on writer personal opinions only
 DEVELOPMENT OF IDEA

Main Point 2

• Concreteness –
there is no concrete evidence

• Sufficiency: insufficient
There is no statistics on the soil liquefaction incidents.
 ORGANISATION OF IDEA

• Clarity: Very clear

- One main point in one body paragraph and more.

• Logic - Logical

• Pattern – Cause and effects

Precautions Step of Earthquake

Article 3
by:
Japan Info (2016)
THESIS STATEMENT
• A few steps of precautions need to
be prepared before or after
earthquakes are to build a
resistant house, installed an
earthquake alert system in the
smartphones and integrated
disaster prevention system.
• Topic: Earthquake
• Controlling Idea: Precautions step
• Main Points:
-Construct an invulnerable house
-Established an earthquake vigilant
system
-Organized disaster prevention
system
 Main Argument 1 – Precautions step 1

• Topic sentences: Construct an invulnerable house is one of precautions step

that need to be prepared before or after earthquakes.

A. To enhance the earthquake resistance of buildings and houses.

(why?/ Reason)
1. When a strong earthquake hits these buildings won’t easily
collapse. (how?/ reason)
B. A constructed building must follow strict rules set by
government.(how?/reason)
 Main Argument 2 – Precautions step 2

• Topic sentence: Established an earthquake vigilant system in smartphones is

second step of precautions need to prepared before or after earthquake take
place.
A. Give people a precious few extra seconds to escape to a safer
place.(why?/reason)
B. To minimize the loss of lives and property. (why?/reason)
C. Predict the time of occurrence in each location as a sign to warn the
people and to be prepared. (why?/reason)
 MAIN ARGUMENT 3 – PRECAUTIONS STEP 3

• Topic sentence: Organized disaster prevention system is the third step of

precautions need to be prepared before earthquake take place.

A. Give an extensive outline guideline on how to survive on

disaster.(how?/reason)
B. Built a system with full emergency faculties.(why?/purpose)
C. Provide full equipment at local evacuation centre who come to
centre when their home is not safe anymore.(what?/reason)
 CRITICALCRITICAL
APPRAISAL
APPRAISAL
Tone of Author Target Audience
• Biased • Government workers,
o Discussed only one side of an • Engineering
issues
• Architecture

• Optimistic
o Discusses positivity of an issue
PURPOSE OF TEXT
 DEVELOPMENT OF IDEAS

ALL main
arguments:
no concrete Supporting details
evidence writer’s personal
opinions
 DEVELOPMENT OF IDEAS

Main Point 1

• Concreteness:
 no concrete evidence
• Sufficiency: Insufficient
 ORGANISATION OF IDEAS

• Clarity: Clear
All main arguments are supported with relevant supporting details

• Logic - Illogical

• Pattern – Precautions/Preventions