Hall, 2009

Rudyawan & Hall 2012

 Sulawesi Geology
 Western plutono-volcanic arc
 Central suture zone / blueschists
 Eastern ophiolite
 Microcontinental fragments

 Product of arc-continent collision in Early

Miocene
GENERAL GEOLOGY MAP OF SULAWESI
(Hall & Wilson, 2000)
(Simanjuntak & Barber, 1996)
(Katili & Asikin, 1985)
Guntoro (1999)
after Parkinson (1991)
Ali et al (1996)
Collision in E Sulawesi
West Arm of Sulawesi
West of Sulawesi
SOUTH SULAWESI
W Part of South Sulawesi
E Part of South Sulawesi
 Lariang and Karama Regions
(Western SOUTH SULAWESI)

 No sign of Miocene collision

 Evidence of Eocene rifting
 Mainly steady subsidence through Oligocene
and Miocene
 Major tectonic change only in Pliocene
 Present high relief is very young
 Lariang and Karama Regions
(Western SOUTH SULAWESI)
Palukoro
Fault
Palukoro
Fault
 Lariang and Karama Regions

Stephen Calvert, 2000

Eocene to Late Oligocene Rifting
(East Side of Makassar Strait Rifting)

Stephen Calvert, 2000

 Contraction in W Sulawesi
(associated with Banggai-Sula collision)

 Begins only in Pliocene

 Has propagated west
 No sign of deformation in central Makassar
Straits, even today
 Basement involved, not simply thin-skinned
 Influence of pre-existing structural trends,
especially NW-SE faults
 Miocene to Pliocene Contraction
(associated with Banggai-Sula collision to the East)

Stephen Calvert, 2000

Stephen Calvert, 2000
 Makassar Straits
 Central Makassar Straits undeformed
 Sediment thickens from Paternoster

Platform
 Sediment thickens from Kalimantan

 Asymmetrical: Kalimantan side much wider

than Sulawesi side
 Floored by oceanic or continental crust ?
 117°E 119°E Celebes 121°E
Sea

Mangkalihat Puspita et al., 2005

Peninsula
1°N
Nur’Aini et al, 2005

KALIMANTAN

Palu Gorontalo
Koro Bay
Fault
Mahakam
Delta North
Makassar
1°S
Basin

Paternoster
Platform SULAWESI
3°S

South
Makassar
Basin
 1170 1190
B N
A N

KALIMANTAN KALIMANTAN

CELEBES
SEA BASIN
00

mgals
North
Panca-1 Makassar
Basin

Pamukan Bay-1

SULAWESI SULAWESI

LEGEND
Gas
Oil
Oil and Gas
Gas and Condensate

A01
A02
40 B01 South
B02
100 km
Makassar 100 km
Basin

Free Air gravity

Fraser et al., 2003
 Sulawesi side Of Makassar Strait
 Three sections, bounded by
older faults, possibly
reactivated
 North segment
 Muddy sediment derived from
east
 Mainly thrust to NW
 Central segment
 Sediment onlaps from west
 Little deformation offshore
 Southern segment
 Much sandier, clearly derived
from east
 Simple detachments and
folding
Celebes Gorontalo
Sea Bay

Mountains of West Sulawesi

Palu-Koro almost 3000m high
Fault

Mangkalihat NSP
Peninsula
CSP

Undeformed Zone (deepwater)

almost 2500m deep
SSP

Mahakam
Delta

Paternoster
Platform
N-S Section
Of Makassar Strait
In W Sulawesi
North Makassar Strait Section
Northern province
Central province
Southern province
Celebes Gorontalo
Sea Bay

Mountains of West Sulawesi

Palu-Koro almost 3000m high
Fault

Mangkalihat NSP
Peninsula
CSP

Undeformed Zone (deepwater)

almost 2500m deep
SSP

Mahakam
Delta

Paternoster
Platform
Nature of Basement

MAKASSAR STRAIT
 Basal unconformity / Top Basement

Depression
 A A’
Panca-1
W E

Top Early Pleistocene

Top Late Pliocene

Top Early Pliocene

Top Late Miocene

seabed
Top Middle Miocene
TWT msecs

Base Early Pliocene

Top Middle Miocene

Top Basement

8208m

100km
 N

W E
B B’
A
100km
TWT msecs

B
B B’
0
500 Fold-thrust belt
1000
1500
Syn-kinematic
2000 basins
2500
Seabed
3000
3500 Mud diapirs
TWT msecs

4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500 Horst
Top Basement
8000 11273 m Graben
8500 Half-graben Graben
 W E
0
500
1000 C C’
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
TWT 4000
msecs 4500
5000 Back-stepping
carbonate shelf edge
5500
6000
6500 Mass-flow
deposits
7000 horst
7500
N
8000 Changing polarity of faults
8500 7048m

100km

7048m
A

TWT msecs N

4117m
100km

W E

G G’
3000
Sediment input
B 3500 from Sulawesi
Turbidite lobe
systems
4000

4500

5000
TWT msecs

5500

6000
Slope fan
6500 Carbonate deposits
Prograding fill
build-up
7000

Seabed
7500 Top Late Miocene
Top Middle Miocene
Divergent Top Late Oligocene
8000 Top Late Eocene
fill
Top Basement
4117m
8500
 1170 1190
N
α = 60° Experiment M 55

KALIMANTAN 5 cm extension
(α = 60°)

00 Extension
Direction

10 cm

Panca-1

Oblique Depocentre
Extension Accommodation zone

α = 90° Fault distribution at Top

Basement level compared to
faults produced in analogue
models of orthogonal extension
Pamukan Bay-1
(α = 90°) and oblique extension
(α = 60°). Analogue models are
SULAWESI from McClay & White (1995).
Paternoster Platform

LEGEND
Gas
Oil
Oil and Gas
Gas and Condensate
Relay ramp structure
40 Accommodation zone
Orthogonal
Depocentre 100 km Extension
 Evolution of Makassar Strait
 Eocene: rifting
 Makassar Straits floored by continental crust
 Oligocene and Miocene shelf sedimentation
in West Sulawesi
 Steep slope to deep basin
 Pliocene shortening and rapid elevation in
Sulawesi side
 Thrusting, folding propagates west
 Detachments within basement
Stephen Calvert, 2000
 Present seismicity
Bellier et al, 2001

GPS motions
Vigny et al, 2002
Rudyawan & Hall 2012
Rudyawan & Hall 2012
Jablonski et al. 2007
Thank You